Neonatal outcomes of waterbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis did not identify definitive evidence that waterbirth causes harm to neonates compared with land birth. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to conclude that there are no additional risks or benefits for neonates when comparing waterbirth and conventional delivery on land.

Waterbirth in low‐risk pregnancy: An exploration of women’s experiences

“…According to literature, waterbirth is safe for women with healthy pregnancies and low‐risk births (Davies et al, 2015; Nutter et al, 2014; Taylor et al, 2016; Ulfsdottir, Saltvedt, & Georgsson, 2018; Vanderlaan et al, 2018) and should thus be presented as an alternative for pregnant women who consider ways to give birth. Our findings illustrate that while women appreciate the opportunity to give birth in water, a positive birthing experience can be hampered if the equipment is unsuitable.…”

“…Research has not identified any increase in maternal mortality or morbidity for women who give birth in water with healthy full‐term pregnancies and low‐risk births in cephalic presentation (Nutter, Meyer, Shaw‐Battista, & Marowitz, 2014; Ulfsdottir, Saltvedt, & Georgsson, 2018). No differences has been observed in low risk births between children born in and out of water with regard to neonatal outcomes, including Apgar scores, postnatal infections, umbilical cord samples, and admissions to neonatal intensive care (Davies, Davis, Pearce, & Wong, 2015; Taylor et al, 2016; Vanderlaan, Hall, & Lewitt, 2018), indicating that waterbirth is a safe alternative for many women.…”

A Model Practice Template for Hydrotherapy in Labor and Birth

“…In case reports, researchers demonstrated that when secondary apnea is present (due to fetal hypoxia), neonates may exhibit a gasping reflex at the time of waterbirth that can result in the inhalation of water and potentially make resuscitation and ventilation more challenging. 13,16,22 If an indeterminate fetal heart rate pattern is detected, further evaluation is indicated. F. Mortality.…”

“…No maternal deaths have been reported, and only isolated fetal deaths have been attributed to immersion during labor or birth. 12,13,[16][17][18] VI. STANDARD REQUIREMENTS TO FACILITATE HYDROTHERAPY During the prenatal period, health care providers should discuss the potential use of water during labor and/or birth with all low-risk women as part of an overall discussion and education regarding evidencebased options for pain relief.…”

“…6,7,12,13 However, it is important to ensure that risks are explained to the woman before immersion, including the following: A. Umbilical cord avulsion (tearing). This may occur if too much traction is placed on the cord during waterbirth.…”