The authors thank the commentators for their thoughtful remarks. We have arranged our responses to the commentators thematically; within each section we start first with general comments before discussing particular statements by individual commentators.
MEDICAL BENEFIT AND HEALTH RISKSWe first address the benefits and harms of circumcision. We have reviewed the literature, and believe we have formed opinions based on the best scientific evidence, taking into account the scientific quality of the papers. We do not rehash this evidence, but note that our citations all are to primary sources and review articles published in prestigious peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, the recent draft recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC 2014) agree with the overall medical benefit of male infant circumcision. We also appreciate Dr. Bester's citation of literature that appeared after the submission of our article (Bester 2015). In contrast, Svoboda cites an article written by two nonscientists for a popular magazine as evidence that claims for benefits of circumcision are "scientifically untenable" (Svoboda 2015).Earp points out the problems of studying sexual sensation and enjoyment. He correctly states that adults are not directly comparable to neonates (Earp 2015). However, he is wrong about the actual difference. Adult circumcision is much more extensive, and the genitalia of children (especially infants) heal more rapidly. In either case, cornifica