Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia impairs juvenile recognition memory by disrupting the maturation of prefrontal–hippocampal networks

Palmitoylethanolamide prevents neuroinflammation, reduces astrogliosis and preserves recognition and spatial memory following induction of neonatal anoxia-ischemia

“…Animals exposed to AI showed recognition and spatial reference memory impairments, while associative memory was altered neither by AI nor by pharmacological treatments. Previous works have already found an association between alterations in both NORT and MWM tests and AI (Almli et al 2000;Barros et al 2009;Balduini et al 2000;Cechetti et al 2010;Cunha-Rodrigues et al 2018;Domnick et al 2015;Griva et al 2017;Pereira et al 2007). For example, Cunha-Rodrigues et al…”

The Role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Detecting Hippocampal Injury Following Neonatal Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy

“…However, injury was only discovered retrospectively. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxic‐ischemic injury disrupts the structure and function of global hippocampal networks, resulting in impaired long‐term recognition memory . Identification of subtle injuries and the ability to stratify the degree of damage is therefore essential.…”

“…Recent evidence suggests that hypoxic-ischemic injury disrupts the structure and function of global hippocampal networks, resulting in impaired long-term recognition memory. 60 Identification of subtle injuries and the ability to stratify the degree of damage is therefore essential. This will facilitate the identification of prognostic imaging bio-markers and identify at risk populations that may benefit from additional follow-up and adjunct therapies.…”

“…The lack of detectable injury in the hippocampus does not preclude the risk of cognitive and memory impairment long term. 60 Therefore, it is essential that future studies determine the correlation of DTI measures with neurodevelopmental outcomes even without the detection of subacute injury in all at-risk regions. The thalamic involvement, as demonstrated in moderately to severely affected neonates, is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental impairment.…”

Early patterns of activity in the developing cortex: Focus on the sensorimotor system

“…If the early activity patterns are so important for the wiring of neurons during development, one may ask whether alterations in the early brain activities will result in malformations in the neuronal circuits, some of which perhaps persisting into adulthood and manifesting as neurological and behavioral deficits. Supported by a correlation between the EEG activity in preterm neonates with brain growth and mental development [131,132], this hypothesis has been discussed in relation to a number of diseases of the central nervous system including epilepsy [133,134], brain hypoxia [135][136][137], neurobehavioral sequlae of the early life stress [138], schizophrenia [139] and neurobehavioral deficits induced by fetal exposure to various drugs not necessarily promoting apoptosis, but affecting early network functions and affecting physiological development of neural networks. Indeed, drugs routinely used in neonatal intensive care units (phenobarbital, fentanyl, theophilline) affect early brain activity in preterm infants [140].…”