Neonatal hyperinsulinism in transient and classical forms of tyrosinemia

Abstract

Background The spectrum of disorders associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HHI) has vastly increased over the past 20 years with identification of molecular, metabolic and cellular pathways involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and its actions. Hereditary tyrosinemia (HT1) is a rare metabolic disorder associated with accumulation of toxic metabolites of the tyrosine pathway due to a genetically mediated enzyme defect of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. Transient tyrosinemia of the newborn (TTN) is a benign condition with a maturational defect of the enzymes associated with tyrosine metabolism without any genetic abnormalities. Results We describe two rare cases of HHI, one in a patient with HT1 and for the first time, in a patient with TTN. Each of our patients presented in the neonatal period with persistent hypoglycemia that on biochemical evaluation was consistent with HHI. Each patient received diazoxide therapy for 3.5 months and 17 months of life, respectively and HHI resolved thereafter. Conclusion Despite the fact that HHI has been described in HT1 for several decades, no specific mechanism has been delineated. Although we considered the common embryonal origin of the liver and pancreas with the hepatotoxic effect in HT1 also impacting the latter, this was not a possible explanation for TTN. The commonality between our two patients is the accumulation of certain amino acids which are known to be insulinotropic. We therefore hypothesize that the excess of amino acids such as leucine, lysine, valine and isoleucine in our patients resulted in HHI, which was transient. Both patients responded to diazoxide. This novel presentation in TTN and the reassuring response in both HT1 and TTN to diazoxide will be useful to inform physicians about managing HHI in these patients. Further studies are required to delineate the mechanism of HHI in these infants.

Syndromic forms of congenital hyperinsulinism

“…Affected children may occasionally present with CHI (156). Sethuram et al observed CHI also in one case of transient tyrosinemia of the newborn, which is a benign condition with a maturational defect of the enzymes associated with tyrosine metabolism without any genetic abnormalities (157). CHI in tyrosinemia type 1 is responsive to diazoxide and usually resolves within the first years of life (156,157).…”

“…Sethuram et al observed CHI also in one case of transient tyrosinemia of the newborn, which is a benign condition with a maturational defect of the enzymes associated with tyrosine metabolism without any genetic abnormalities (157). CHI in tyrosinemia type 1 is responsive to diazoxide and usually resolves within the first years of life (156,157). Although islet-cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia have been reported in a number of cases of tyrosinemia type 1 (158), the precise pathophysiology of hyperinsulinism remains obscure.…”