Neonatal eyelid conditioning during sleep

Tarullo, Amanda R.; Isler, Joseph R.; Condon, Carmen; Violaris, Kimon; Balsam, Peter D.; Fifer, William P.

doi:10.1002/dev.21424

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In detail, it has been reported that sleeping newborns are able to distinguish between various auditory stimuli, as demonstrated for speech vs. music [ 15 ], standard vs. deviant vowels [ 16 , 17 ], and forward vs. backward voices [ 18 ]. Furthermore, sleeping infants are reported to detect prosodic speech cues [ 19 ], discriminate anger and fear in voices [ 20 ], and even learn during sleep, as evidenced by increased eye movement responses to a tone earlier paired with an air puff [ 21 , 22 ]. Also, sleeping newborns (aged two days to six weeks) are reported to show heartrate de- or accelerations to various auditory stimuli [ 11 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, Little Baby: The Calming Effects of Prenatal Speech Exposure on Newborns’ Sleep and Heartrate

2020

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In a pilot study, 34 fetuses were stimulated daily with a maternal spoken nursery rhyme from week 34 of gestation onward and re-exposed two and five weeks after birth to this familiar, as well as to an unfamiliar rhyme, both spoken with the maternal and an unfamiliar female voice. During auditory stimulation, newborns were continuously monitored with polysomnography using video-monitored hdEEG. Afterward, changes in sleep–wake-state proportions during familiar and unfamiliar voice stimulation were analyzed. Our preliminary results demonstrate a general calming effect of auditory stimulation exclusively in infants who were prenatally “familiarized” with a spoken nursery rhyme, as evidenced by less waking states, more time spent in quiet (deep) sleep, and lower heartrates. A stimulation naïve group, on the other hand, demonstrated no such effects. Stimulus-specific effects related to the familiarity of the prenatally replayed voice or rhyme were not evident in newborns. Together, these results suggest “fetal learning” at a basic level and point to a familiarization with auditory stimuli prior to birth, which is evident in the first weeks of life in behavioral states and heartrate physiology of the newborn.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, Little Baby: The Calming Effects of Prenatal Speech Exposure on Newborns’ Sleep and Heartrate

2020

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“…These effects appear to be further modulated by sleep state, with more significant learning seemingly occurring during deeper sleep stages ( Tarullo et al. 2011 , 2016 ). It would be of great interest in future studies to understand how it may have contributed to our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Processing of Multimodal Sensory Learning in Human Neonates

et al. 2020

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Following birth, infants must immediately process and rapidly adapt to the array of unknown sensory experiences associated with their new ex-utero environment. However, although it is known that unimodal stimuli induce activity in the corresponding primary sensory cortices of the newborn brain, it is unclear how multimodal stimuli are processed and integrated across modalities. The latter is essential for learning and understanding environmental contingencies through encoding relationships between sensory experiences; and ultimately likely subserves development of life-long skills such as speech and language. Here, for the first time, we map the intracerebral processing which underlies auditory-sensorimotor classical conditioning in a group of 13 neonates (median gestational age at birth: 38 weeks + 4 days, range: 32 weeks + 2 days to 41 weeks + 6 days; median postmenstrual age at scan: 40 weeks + 5 days, range: 38 weeks + 3 days to 42 weeks + 1 days) with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance (MR) compatible robotics. We demonstrate that classical conditioning can induce crossmodal changes within putative unimodal sensory cortex even in the absence of its archetypal substrate. Our results also suggest that multimodal learning is associated with network wide activity within the conditioned neural system. These findings suggest that in early life, external multimodal sensory stimulation and integration shapes activity in the developing cortex and may influence its associated functional network architecture.

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“…EBC does not require active participation of the subject. In our paradigm, the patient was watching a silent movie during the experiment; in newborns, EBC can even be performed during sleep (30,31). Thus, the outcome of EBC are unlikely to be related to motivational deficits in patients with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Impact of Cerebellar Non-invasive Stimulation in a Patient With Schizophrenia

Laidi¹,

Lévénès²,

Suarez-Perez³

et al. 2020

Front. Psychiatry

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Cerebellum plays a role in the regulation of cognitive processes. Cerebellar alterations could explain cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. We describe the case of a 50 years old patient with schizophrenia whom underwent cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In order to study the effect of cerebellar stimulation on cognitive functions, the patient underwent a neuropsychological assessment and an eyeblink conditioning (EBC) protocol. Although the effect of brain stimulation cannot be only assessed in a single-case study, our results suggest that cerebellar stimulation may have an effect on a broad range of cognitive functions typically impaired in patients with schizophrenia, including verbal episodic, short term, and working memory. In addition to neuropsychological tests, we evaluated the cerebellar function by performing EBC before and after tDCS. Our data suggest that tDCS can improve EBC. Further clinical trials are required for better understanding of how cerebellar stimulation can modulate cognitive processes in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

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Neonatal eyelid conditioning during sleep

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Sleep, Little Baby: The Calming Effects of Prenatal Speech Exposure on Newborns’ Sleep and Heartrate

Sleep, Little Baby: The Calming Effects of Prenatal Speech Exposure on Newborns’ Sleep and Heartrate

Cortical Processing of Multimodal Sensory Learning in Human Neonates

Cognitive Impact of Cerebellar Non-invasive Stimulation in a Patient With Schizophrenia

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