Neogene Kinematic Evolution and Exhumation of the NW India Himalaya: Zircon Geo‐ and Thermochronometric Insights From the Fold‐Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin

Colleps, Cody; Stöckli, Daniel F.; McKenzie, N. Ryan; Webb, A. Alexander G.; Horton, Brian K.

doi:10.1029/2018tc005304

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 139 publications

(306 reference statements)

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“…Rocks from the MCT hanging wall, comprising HHC and TSS, were exhumed and eroded (Vannay et al, 2004;White et al, 2002). Thereafter, during the middle Miocene, the thrusting propagated south from the MCT, shifting the exhumation to the Lesser Himalayan (LH) units, while the exhumation of the HHC and TSS slowed down (Colleps et al, 2019;Najman et al, 2009). Still, High Himalayan lithologies covered large parts of the Himalayas.…”

Section: Tectonic and Climatic Control On The Long-term Radiogenic Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance and Weathering of Clays Delivered to the Bay of Bengal During the Middle Miocene: Linkages to Tectonics and Monsoonal Climate

Bretschneider

Hathorne

Huang

et al. 2021

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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Tectonics and regional monsoon strength control weathering and erosion regimes of the watersheds feeding into the Bay of Bengal, which are important contributors to global climate evolution via carbon cycle feedbacks. The detailed mechanisms controlling the input of terrigenous clay to the Bay of Bengal on tectonic to orbital timescales are, however, not yet well understood. We produced orbital-scale resolution geochemical records for International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1443 (southern Bay of Bengal) across five key climatic intervals of the middle to late Miocene (15.8-9.5 Ma). Our new radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope time series of clays transported to the Ninetyeast Ridge suggest that the individual contributions from different erosional sources overall remained remarkably consistent during the Miocene despite major tectonic reorganizations in the Himalayas. On orbital timescales, however, high-resolution data from the five investigated intervals show marked fluctuations of all three isotope systems. Interestingly, the variability was much higher within the Miocene Climatic Optimum (around 16-15 Ma) and across the major global cooling (~13.9-13.8 Ma) until~13.5 Ma, than during younger time intervals. This change is attributed to a major restriction on the supply of High Himalayan erosion products due to migration of the peak precipitation area toward the frontal domains of the Himalayas and the Indo-Burman Ranges. The transient excursions of the radiogenic isotope signals on orbital timescales most likely reflect climatically driven shifts in monsoon strength. The continuous sediment archive recovered at International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1443 in the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1) now allows a much more detailed study. Lübbers et al. (2019) established a high-resolution benthic stable isotope record from 13.5 to 8.2 Ma for Site U1443, which provides the climatic and stratigraphic framework to reconstruct Himalayan silicate weathering and its relationship to changes of the SAM and climate during the Miocene based on radiogenic isotope compositions of the clay size fraction. Since tectonics, climate, erosion, type, and intensity of weathering and monsoon strength can all affect the

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Section: Tectonic and Climatic Control On The Long-term Radiogenic Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance and Weathering of Clays Delivered to the Bay of Bengal During the Middle Miocene: Linkages to Tectonics and Monsoonal Climate

Bretschneider

Hathorne

Huang

et al. 2021

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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“…This observed pattern of erosion is interpreted to be controlled by localized uplift due to thrusting over a ramp in the MHT (Scherler et al., 2014), possibly in association with basal accretion (Mercier et al., 2017). During the period of basal accretion in the last at least 10 Myr (Figure 3; Colleps et al., 2019; S. K. Mandal et al., 2018), the successive MHT ramps have propagated southward relative to the previously active deformation front, the MBT (Bollinger et al., 2006; Herman et al., 2010; Mercier et al., 2017; Zilio et al., 2020). This episodic ramp migration led to the progressive addition of accreted thrust sheets to the Lesser Himalayan duplex, thereby engendering a progressive shortening, hence thickening of the Himalayan thrust wedges across the Yamuna catchment with time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This observed pattern of erosion is interpreted to be controlled by localized uplift due to thrusting over a ramp in the MHT (Scherler et al, 2014), possibly in association with basal accretion (Mercier et al, 2017). During the period of basal accretion in the last at least 10 Myr (Figure 3; Colleps et al, 2019;S. K. Mandal et al, 2018), the successive MHT ramps have propagated southward relative to the previously active deformation front, the MBT (Bollinger et al, 2006;Herman et al, 2010;Mercier et al, 2017;Zilio et al, 2020).…”

Section: Climatic Versus Tectonic Origin Of the Long-term Increase In Erosion Ratesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…During the still ongoing third phase, further shortening produced the Lesser Himalayan duplex by basal accretion and the Sub-Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt by frontal accretion (e.g., Mishra & Mukhopadhyay, 2012;Srivastava & Mitra, 1994;Webb, 2013) (Figure 3). In the north-western Himalaya, basal accretion is active since at least 10 Ma, whereas frontal accretion affects foreland basin strata since ∼5 Ma (Colleps et al, 2019;S. K. Mandal et al, 2018).…”

Section: Structural Evolution Of the Himalayamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonic Accretion Controls Erosional Cyclicity in the Himalaya

2021

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The evolution of Earth's climate over geological timescales is linked to surface erosion via weathering of silicate minerals and burial of organic carbon. However, methodological difficulties in reconstructing erosion rates through time and feedbacks among tectonics, climate, and erosion spurred an ongoing debate on mountain erosion sensitivity to tectonic and climate forcing. At the heart of this debate is the question of whether late Cenozoic climate cooling has increased global erosion rates or not. The Himalaya plays a prominent role in this debate as its erosion produces a large fraction of global sediments delivered to ocean basins. We report a 6‐Myr‐long record of normalBnormale10‐derived erosion rates from the north‐western Himalaya, which indicates that erosion rates in this region varied quasi‐cyclically with a period of ∼1 Myr and increased gradually toward the present. We hypothesize that the observed pattern of erosion rates occurred in response to the tectonic growth of the Himalaya by punctuated basal and frontal accretion of rocks from the underthrusting Indian plate and concomitant changes in topography. In this scenario, basal accretion episodically changes rock‐uplift patterns, which brings landscapes out of equilibrium and results in quasi‐cyclic variations in erosion rates. We used numerical landscape evolution simulations to demonstrate that this hypothesis is physically plausible. We attribute the long‐term increase in erosion rates to the erosional response of topography due to frequent basal accretion relative to frontal accretion. Because tectonic accretion processes are inherent to collisional orogenesis, they likely confound climatic interpretations of erosion rate histories.

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“…Figure 3c shows a cross‐section along the Sutlej River that highlights the potential geometry in NW India (Webb et al., (2011), with data from the Beas, Sutlej and Tons Rivers (Colleps et al., 2019; Jain et al., 2000; Schlup et al., 2011; Stübner et al., 2018; Thiede et al., 2009; Vannay et al, 2004). Table 3 contains the cooling age patterns.…”

Section: Along Strike Cooling Agesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Controls of Stratigraphic Architecture on Along Strike Cooling Age Patterns

et al. 2020

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Cooling related to moving rocks over an ~8.5 km vertically thick ramp in the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT) produced 0.8–2 Ma zircon (U–Th)/He (ZHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) ages from the Main Central thrust to 40 km south in central Nepal. The ramp size is controlled by thicker Proterozoic stratigraphy. ZHe ages in NW India and eastern Bhutan over a similar 40 km wide swath are 1.4–12 Ma. In addition, the ZHe ages are consistently 2–5 million years older than the AFT ages. We argue that the MHT ramps are smaller because of thinner Proterozoic stratigraphy, with two vertically thick ramps of 2.5 km each in eastern Bhutan and one vertically thick ramp of ~5 km in NW India. Thus, the original stratigraphy and associated weaker décollement horizons control location and size of active MHT ramps, resulting vertical uplift, and along strike pattern of cooling ages.

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Neogene Kinematic Evolution and Exhumation of the NW India Himalaya: Zircon Geo‐ and Thermochronometric Insights From the Fold‐Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin

Cited by 18 publications

References 139 publications

Provenance and Weathering of Clays Delivered to the Bay of Bengal During the Middle Miocene: Linkages to Tectonics and Monsoonal Climate

Provenance and Weathering of Clays Delivered to the Bay of Bengal During the Middle Miocene: Linkages to Tectonics and Monsoonal Climate

Tectonic Accretion Controls Erosional Cyclicity in the Himalaya

Controls of Stratigraphic Architecture on Along Strike Cooling Age Patterns

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