Nematodes (Longidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis loof) in growth and nodulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)

Maas, P. W. T.; Oremus, P. A. I.; Otten, H.

doi:10.1007/bf02197763

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…1990; Van der Putten & Van der Stoel 1998), although some results have suggested that nematode densities are too low to allow them to make a major contribution to direct growth reduction (Van der Putten & Troelstra 1990; De Rooij‐Van der Goes 1995). Similar conclusions have been drawn for the later successional dune shrub Hippophaë rhamnoides (Oremus & Otten 1981; Maas et al . 1983; Zoon et al .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Development of a negative plant–soil feedback in the expansion zone of the clonal grass Ammophila arenaria following root formation and nematode colonization

2002

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Summary 1The feedback between individual plants and their soil communities is a major driver of plant community processes. We analyse the rate at which plant-soil feedback develops in the root zone of the clonal dune grass Ammophila arenaria . 2 Ammophila arenaria grows vigorously when it can form new roots in newly deposited windblown beach sand. The colonization zone is hypothesized to provide an enemy-free space, with root pathogens and parasites possibly contributing to degeneration of A. arenaria when deposition stops. 3 We quantified root biomass and plant parasitic nematode densities in new and 1-year-old root zones, as well as in degenerate stands, in the field at monthly intervals. Each month, we studied the biomass production of Ammophila seedlings in controlled conditions in sterilized and non-sterilized soil from the different sampling sites, with and without nematicides. 4 Colonization of newly deposited sand by the endoparasitic nematodes Heterodera arenaria and Pratylenchus spp. within 1 month of root formation coincided with a negative feedback in the bioassays. Nematicides counteracted growth reduction significantly, but their effectiveness decreased in soil samples collected later in the growing season. 5 In older layers, roots and nematodes were already present before the sampling started. Growth reduction in unsterilized sand was observed at all sampling events, but was not counteracted by nematicides. 6 In the field, root biomass of A. arenaria in the newly colonized sand increased throughout the growing season, despite the development of a negative plant-soil feedback. 7 We conclude that the development of negative plant-soil feedback in the root zone of A. arenaria closely follows the colonization of newly deposited sand by roots and then by the endoparasitic nematode species Heterodera arenaria . There seems to be a shift in organisms causing this feedback during the first growing season, but root biomass nevertheless increases. However, in older root layers and in the degenerate stand, ongoing negative plant-soil feedback may contribute to a gradual decrease in root biomass.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Development of a negative plant–soil feedback in the expansion zone of the clonal grass Ammophila arenaria following root formation and nematode colonization

2002

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“…Initially, it was supposed that root-feeding nematodes, such as Tylenchorhynchus microphasmis, were causing the dieback patterns (Oremus and Otten 1981). Subsequent studies, however, have shown that nematodes alone cannot cause the observed growth reduction (Maas et al 1983), and that plant pathogenic fungi may be involved as well (Zoon et al 1993). The precise mode of interaction still needs to be resolved.…”

Section: Primary Successionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Defense Belowground and Spatiotemporal Processes in Natural Vegetation

Putten

2003

Ecology

221

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Abstract. Root herbivores and pathogens play an important role in driving plant abundance, species diversity, and succession in natural vegetation. Subterranean plant feeders and pathogenic microorganisms interfere with basic functions of plant roots, such as resource uptake, storage of reserves, and anchoring of plants in the soil, but concepts and theories on control of herbivores and pathogens, such as the Green World Hypothesis, have been developed and applied almost exclusively for the aboveground subsystem. Root herbivores and pathogens affect spatial and temporal patterns in natural plant communities, and whether these patterns are cyclic or irreversible depends on characteristics of the root feeders, interactions with other soil or aboveground organisms, and the rate of changes in the abiotic environment. Established plants can tolerate root herbivores and pathogens at densities that are lethal to their offspring. Dispersal by seeds or rhizomes allows new cohorts to become established before root herbivores or root pathogens colonize and develop, but it provides only temporal release of plants from their natural enemies. Permanent release from root herbivores and pathogens contributes to plant invasiveness. I propose to expand the concept of plant-soil feedback by including plant defense belowground. Many plant secondary compounds are synthesized in the roots, and these chemicals could affect root herbivores, root pathogens, and their natural enemies. Plants may exert direct and indirect defense, resistance, tolerance, or dispersal to move away from the herbivores and pathogens belowground, and I propose that acknowledging trade-offs and life history strategies will enhance our capacity to predict spatiotemporal patterns in natural vegetation. Further studies in this area will enhance our understanding of plant abundance, succession, and invasions in natural communities, as well as the evolution of plant dispersal and other defensive strategies against root herbivores and pathogens in natural communities.

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“…Soil sterilization, the addition of selected soil biota to sterilized soil and reciprocal transplantation (growth of species A in rhizosphere soil of species B, and vice versa) are common techniques used in soil‐pathogen studies. Dune ecosystems have served as a model system in the study of soil‐borne plant pathogens using gamma‐irradiation or biocide amendment of soil to demonstrate a soil’s pathogenic potential (Oremus & Otten, 1981; Maas et al. , 1983; Van der Putten et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of bioassays in the study of interactions between soil organisms and plants: involvement of nutrient factors

et al. 2001

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Summary• Increased plant growth in sterilized soil is usually ascribed to the elimination of (often unidentified) soil-borne pathogens. Plant-soil bioassays are reported here for three dune soils and two plant species ( Ammophila arenaria and Carex arenaria ).• Dynamics of plant growth, availability and uptake of nutrients were compared in sterilized (25 kGy gamma-irradiation) vs control soils.• Plant growth, availability and acquisition of nutrients, for example P, even when provided in apparent excess, were significantly enhanced in gamma-irradiated calcareous dune sands. With A. arenaria , the positive sterilization effect occurred independently of initial plant dry mass. The addition of extracts of planted soils to A. arenaria growing in unsterilized sand caused an increase in root growth that could not be related to either nutrients or pathogens.• Increased availability and acquisition of nutrients in sterilized soil may contribute to nonsterile : sterile ratios of plant growth that are < 1. Any ecological speculation involving the role of soil-borne biological factors should be based on fully validated plant-soil bioassays, which account for nutritional or other nonpathogen-related side-effects induced by soil sterilization.

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Nematodes (Longidorus sp. andTylenchorhynchus microphasmis loof) in growth and nodulation of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.)

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Development of a negative plant–soil feedback in the expansion zone of the clonal grass Ammophila arenaria following root formation and nematode colonization

Development of a negative plant–soil feedback in the expansion zone of the clonal grass Ammophila arenaria following root formation and nematode colonization

Plant Defense Belowground and Spatiotemporal Processes in Natural Vegetation

Interpretation of bioassays in the study of interactions between soil organisms and plants: involvement of nutrient factors

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