Nematodes Affecting Soybean and Sustainable Practices for Their Management

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the limiting factors for soybean production worldwide. Overall, plant-parasitic nematodes alone cause an estimated annual crop loss of $78 billion worldwide and an average crop yield loss of 10-15%. This imposes a challenge to sustainable production of food worldwide, since there has been increasing demand for food supply and food security. Unsustainable cropping production systems with monocultures, intensive use of soils and expansion of crops to newly opened areas have intensified problems associated with new pests and diseases. Thus, finding and applying sustainable methods to control diseases associated with soybean are in current need. Over hundred nematode species, comprising fifty genera, have been reported in association with soybean. Of these, the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus and the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis are major nematode species limiting soybean production. Here, we report an up-to-date literature review on the biology, symptoms, damage and control methods used for these nematodes species. Additionally, unusual and emergent nematode species affecting soybean are discussed.

Nematodes Affecting Potato and Sustainable Practices for Their Management

“…The embryonic development of the nematode results in the first stage (J1), passing through an ecdysis (molting) in the egg, followed by the second stage (J2). Adult males do not feed on infected plants; they leave the roots and move freely in the soil until they die [4,27].…”

“…There has been increasing demand for food supply and food security. Unsustainable cropping production systems with monocultures, intensive planting and expansion of crops to newly opened areas have increased problems associated with new pests and diseases [4].…”

“…Since pathogens such as plant parasitic nematodes represent major losses in agricultural systems, especially when the crops are not managed sustainably, the searches for information on the occurrence of nematodes in the production system, population density, species, level of damage and monitoring and management of these populations are essential in regions where crops will be set [3][4]. In addition, reliable, fast and proper nematode diagnosis and specimen identification are mandatory for choosing adequate management control strategies and for avoiding spreading of exotic nematodes in quarantine materials.…”

Genome-Wide Association Study for Resistance to the <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> Causing Root-Knot Nematode in Soybean

“…In soybean, among all phytosanitary problems, nematode parasitism deserves special attention. It is estimated that nematodes can cause annual losses of 10% to 15%, representing almost U$78 billion worldwide [2]. The Meloidogyne genus is composed of more than 90 species, but basically M. javanica and M. incognita are the main members of this genus with the largest economic importance in the worldwide soybean production [2,3].…”

“…It is estimated that nematodes can cause annual losses of 10% to 15%, representing almost U$78 billion worldwide [2]. The Meloidogyne genus is composed of more than 90 species, but basically M. javanica and M. incognita are the main members of this genus with the largest economic importance in the worldwide soybean production [2,3]. In Brazil, losses due to these two nematode species have been reported in all the main regions where soybean is cultivated, including Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul [4,5].…”