Nematode parasites of animals are more prone to develop xenobiotic resistance than nematode parasites of plants

Abstract

Summary:In this paper, we concentrate on a comparison of plant and animal-parasitic nematodes, to gain insight into the factors that influence the acquisition of the drug resistance by nematodes. Comparing nematode parasite of domestic animals and cultivated plants, it appears that drug resistance threatens only domestic animal production. Does the paucity of report on nematicide field resistance reflect reality or, is nematicide resistance bypassed by other management practices, specific to cultivated plants (i.e. agricultural control) ? First, it seems that selection pressure by treatments in plants is not as efficient as selection pressure in ruminants. Agronomic practices (i.e. sanitation, early planting, usage of nematodes resistant cultivar and crop rotation) are frequently used to control parasitic-plant nematodes. Although the efficiency of such measures is generally moderate to high, integrated approaches are developing successfully in parasiticplant nematode models. Secondly, the majority of anthelmintic resistance cases recorded in animal-parasitic nematodes concern drug families that are not used in plant-parasitic nematodes control (i.e. benzimidazoles, avermectines and levamisole). Thirdly, particular life traits of parasitic-plant nematodes (low to moderate fecundity and reproductive strategy) are expected to reduce probability of appearance and transmission of drug resistance genes. It has been demonstrated that, for a large number of nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., the mode of reproduction by mitotic parthenogenesis reduced genetic diversity of populations which may prevent a rapid drug resistance development. In conclusion, anthelmintic resistance develops in nematode parasite of animals as a consequence of an efficient selection pressure. Early detection of anthelmintic resistance is then crucial: it is not possible to avoid it, but only to delay its development in farm animal industry.

The production of synthetic chemodisruptive peptides in planta disrupts the establishment of cyst nematodes

“…LEV‐I‐7.1 may have this potential. It mimics levamisole, which is widely used as a veterinary anthelmintic for mammals (Silvestre and Cabaret, 2004) and as an adjuvant of fluorouracil in colon cancer therapy (Belle, 1972). The efficacy of LEV‐I‐7.1 is also assisted by requiring approximately 11% of the level of ACHE‐I‐7.1 for similar disruption of chemoreception.…”

“…LEV-I-7.1 may have this potential. It mimics levamisole, which is widely used as a veterinary anthelmintic for mammals (Silvestre and Cabaret, 2004) and…”

A Novel High Throughput Assay for Anthelmintic Drug Screening and Resistance Diagnosis by Real-Time Monitoring of Parasite Motility

“…Adult C. elegans range from 1–2 mm in length, so it is likely that their motility in liquid culture could be easily measured using a modified RTCA approach [57] – [62] . The range of potential species that may be monitored with this technique is extensive, including agricultural, medical and veterinary pests and pathogens such as ticks, fleas, aphids, mites and dipteran larvae [63] – [65] .…”

Advocating for both Environmental and Clinical Approaches to Control Human Strongyloidiasis

“…It is thought that there is a lesser potential for the development of plant nematicide resistance due to number of factors. These include: nematicides altering the selection pressure on plant parasitic nematodes, mitotic parthenogenesis in plant nematodes leading to less genetic diversity, and biodegradation of nematicides by soil bacteria [80]. However, these factors can probably delay but not prevent resistance development.…”