Nematicidal Activity of Cyclopiazonic Acid Derived From Penicillium commune Against Root-Knot Nematodes and Optimization of the Culture Fermentation Process

Abstract

Among 200 fungal strains isolated from the soil, only one culture filtrate of Aspergillus flavus JCK-4087 showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita. The nematicidal metabolite isolated from the culture filtrate of JCK-4087 was identified as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Because JCK-4087 also produced aflatoxins, six strains of Penicillium commune, which have been reported to be CPA producers, were obtained from the bank and then tested for their CPA productivity. CPA was isolated from the culture filtrate of P. commune KACC 45973. CPA killed the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita, M. hapla, and M. arearia with EC50–3 days 4.50, 18.82, and 60.51 μg mL–1, respectively. CPA also significantly inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita and M. hapla after a total of 28 days of treatment with the concentrations > 25 μg mL–1. The enhancement of CPA production by P. commune KACC 45973 was explored using an optimized medium based on Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). The highest CPA production (381.48 μg mL–1) was obtained from the optimized medium, exhibiting an increase of 7.88 times when compared with that from potato dextrose broth culture. Application of the wettable power-type formulation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture filtrate of KACC 45973 reduced gall formation and nematode populations in tomato roots and soils under greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that CPA produced by P. commune KACC 45973 can be used as either a biochemical nematicide or a lead molecule for developing chemical nematicides to control root-knot nematodes.

Synthesis, Nematicidal Evaluation, and the Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Aurone Derivatives

“…Intermediate 36a: yellow solid, yield: 72%. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 4.10 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).…”

“…Yellow solid, yield: 73%. mp 165.9−166.7 °C; 1 Synthesis of Compound 4. 32 1-Indanone (2 mmol), 2thenaldehyde (2.2 mmol) and 10 mL of ethanol were added to a 25 mL round-bottom flask in an ice bath.…”

Bioisosterism and Scaffold Hopping in Modern Nematicide Research

“…1−4 Among all of nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes are the main threat to agriculture and account for 14% of the global crop yield losses, in a value of nearly 173 billion dollars per year. 5,6 Among all plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) resulted in the most significant agricultural loss because of their variety of species.…”

“…Nematodes are the most abundant invertebrates on the Earth. They play important roles in soil organic carbon turnover, enhancing the soil microbial quantity and phosphorus transmission. − Among all of nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes are the main threat to agriculture and account for 14% of the global crop yield losses, in a value of nearly 173 billion dollars per year. , Among all plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology, root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) resulted in the most significant agricultural loss because of their variety of species …”

Bacillusvelezensis Strains for Protecting Cucumber Plants from Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in a Greenhouse

“…Special attention of the experts is paid to Bacillus , Pseudomonas , and Pasteuria bacterial strains [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In addition, many researchers have found the nematicidal activity of the metabolites of Trichoderma , Paecilomyces , Arthrobotrys , Beauveria , Pochonia , Fusarium , and Myrothecium fungi [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”