Neither Man nor Woman: Berdache — A Case for Non-Dichotomous Gender Construction

Schnarch, Brian

doi:10.2307/25605635

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Schnarch (1992) noted that the "berdache" of many North American Indian tribes was an accepted public role that transcended dichotomous thinking about gender and sexual orientation. The berdache is a person, usually a male, but sometimes a female or intersexed, who assumes the dress, occupation, and behavior associated with opposite sex some, but not all, of the time (p. 110).…”

Section: Adult Sexuality In Small Sexually Permissive Premodern Tribamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adaptive Functions of Sexual Plasticity: The Suppression and Surreptitious Expression of Human Sociosexuality

Josephs

2012

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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Tendencies toward non-monogamy and bisexual expression may constitute primate-wide predispositions that have been conserved in humans. This observation is supported by studies of sexual development and behavior in our primate relatives and sexually permissive premodern tribal cultures including hunter-gatherers. Nevertheless, even in sexually permissive societies, there may be considerable sexual possessiveness and jealousy as well as attempts at parental control of children's marital choices. This is associated with punitive revenge against unfaithful spouses and mate poaching rivals and parent/offspring conflict around marital choices. There is no paradise lost despite the greater sexual freedom. Humans may be adaptively designed to suppress each other's sexuality due to sexual jealousy and parental desires to control children's sexuality but also to surreptitiously evade those restrictions, though there is considerable cross-cultural variability in the level of sexual restrictiveness.

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Section: Adult Sexuality In Small Sexually Permissive Premodern Tribamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adaptive Functions of Sexual Plasticity: The Suppression and Surreptitious Expression of Human Sociosexuality

Josephs

2012

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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“…A questão da homossexualidade é importante em qualquer contexto sócio-cultural e certamente desde os tempos antigos. Aliás, a literatura acadêmica revela que tal realidade é inclusive disseminada na humanidade (SCHNNARCH, 1992). O mesmo pode ser dito em relação ao Brasil, pois o comportamento homossexual foi uma presença marcante entre os indígenas e, desde tempos coloniais, se tem notícias sobre a sua existência na sociedade colonial (Mott, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…E quanto ao conceito homossexualidade, conforme já apontado anteriormente, em sua essência, o mesmo se remete a relações de companheiros entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, mas sem que o status e o gênero se alterem (SCHNNARCH, 1992). Mas para além desta definição, há de se ressaltar que os homossexuais "[...] criam uma cultura homossexual preenchida com histórias da vida homossexual, com a história da homossexualidade e com política homossexual" (PLUMMER, 1995, p. 87).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Homossexualidade E O Contexto Educacional Paraense: A Importância De Políticas Públicas Específicas

Simonian

Cruz

2016

Margens

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Por meio deste paper, se discute a importância da criação e implementaçãode uma coordenadoria para tratar da educação de GLBT no âmbito da Secretaria de Educação do Estado do Pará. Especialmente no âmbito político, sabe-se que nesse estado os GLBT pouco persistem na educação formal, o que os fragiliza enquanto indivíduos e cidadãos. Realizou-se pesquisa documental e bibliográfica (envolvendo principalmente legislação, políticas públicas e movimentos sociais), bem como incorporou-se no trabalho materiais de pesquisas anteriores dos autores efetivados no Pará e na Amazônia. Assim, evidenciou-se não só a necessidade de uma política pública paraense afirmativa quanto aos GLBT, o que é essencial para o fortalecimento desses cidadãos frente a si mesmos, à sociedade e ao Estado.Palavras-chave: Homossexualidade. Política educacional. Pará.

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“…an evnliltron of terms The term berdache that was originally applied to the Native individuals who did not seem to fit conventional European definitions of dichotomous gender roles was popularized by French traders (Schnarch, 1992). The term stuck and still persists to this day as a way of making reference to Native people who are gay,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, the status of the Two Spirit person was highly valued in Native communities and played a critical role in traditional Native societies (Schnarch, 1992). In a traditional Native worldview, men typically see the world from a male perspective, whereas women typically see the world from a female perspective, each perspective respectively defined by the social context of the tribe at any given point in time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Spirit: Counseling Native American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual People

Garrett

Barret

2003

J Multicult Couns & Deve

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The cultural world of the Two Spirit, the traditional role of Native individuals believed to possess both male and female spirit, is explored in both "old ways" and current-day experiences. Cultural beliefs and meanings around sexual identity are discussed from a Native perspective with recornrnendations for counseling Two Spirit clients.El rnundo cultural del Doble-espiritu, el rol tradicional de indigenas que se creia que poseian espiritus masculinos y ferneninos, se explora en forrnas tradicionales y experiencias actuales. Creencias culturales y significados acerca de la identidad sexual se analizan desde una perspectiva indigena con recomendaciones para el asesorarniento de clientes Doble-espiritu.merican society is founded on the philosophical basis of Cartesian thought that classifies people, things, places, and experiences into dichotomous A categories that are assigned values such as goodlbad, happy/sad, right/ wrong, goodlevil, and so forth (Wilson, 1996). Many of our dominant social institutions such as religion, media, politics, and so on reinforce the notion of absolute dichotomies. Specifically, with regard to gender and sexuality, one is either/or, malelfemale, gay/straight. However, as Tafoya (1997) noted, "most Native communities tend not to classify the world into the concrete binary categories of the Western world-goodlbad, right/wrong, male/female, gay/ straight-but rather into categories that range from appropriateness to inappropriateness, depending on the context of the situation'' (p. 2). Tafoya went on to say, Native American concepts usually prefer circles to lines. If one takes the line of a male/ female, gaylstraight, and bends it into a circle, there are an infinite number of points. Just so, there are theoretically an infinite number of possible points of gender and sexual identity for an individual that can shift and differ over time and location. (p. 8) With the Native American emphasis on the concept of the circle, within Native culture what would otherwise be perceived as opposites or dualities on a lin-

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Neither Man nor Woman: Berdache — A Case for Non-Dichotomous Gender Construction

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

The Adaptive Functions of Sexual Plasticity: The Suppression and Surreptitious Expression of Human Sociosexuality

The Adaptive Functions of Sexual Plasticity: The Suppression and Surreptitious Expression of Human Sociosexuality

Homossexualidade E O Contexto Educacional Paraense: A Importância De Políticas Públicas Específicas

Two Spirit: Counseling Native American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual People

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