Neighborhoods and Health: An Overview

MacIntyre, Sally; Ellaway, Anne

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138382.003.0002

Cited by 214 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The additional consideration of place-based disadvantage brought little change to the association with numeracy while the association with literacy attenuated further. We hypothesise that the impact of place-based disadvantage on the association of literacy and self-assessed health, reflects what has been called deprivation amplification (Macintyre and Ellaway, 2003;Badland et al, 2013). Our findings regarding place effects on self-reports of long-term health condition differed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Towards an understanding of the relationship of functional literacy and numeracy to geographical health inequalities

Moon

Aitken

Roderick

et al. 2015

Social Science & Medicine

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The relative contributions of functional literacy and functional numeracy to health disparities remain poorly understood in developed world contexts. We seek to unpack their distinctive contributions and to examine how these contributions are framed by place-based deprivation and rurality. We present a multilevel logistic analysis of the 2011 Skills for Life Survey (SfLS), a representative governmental survey of adults aged 16-65 in England. Outcome measures were self-assessed health status and the presence of self-reported long-term health conditions. Exposure variables were functional literacy (FL) and functional numeracy (FN).Age, sex, individual socio-economic status, ethnicity, whether English was a first language, non-UK birthplaces, housing tenure and geography were included as potential confounders and mediators. Geography was measured as area-based deprivation and urban/rural status. FL and FN were both independently associated with self-assessed health status, though the association attenuated after taking account of confounders and mediators. For long-term conditions, the association with FN remained significant following inclusion of confounders and mediators whilst FL attenuated to non-significance. Rurality did not influence these associations. Area deprivation was a significant factor in attenuating the association between FL and self-assessed health status. Policy makers and health professionals will need to be aware of the distinctive impact of FN as well as FL when combating health inequalities, promoting health and managing long-term conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Towards an understanding of the relationship of functional literacy and numeracy to geographical health inequalities

Moon

Aitken

Roderick

et al. 2015

Social Science & Medicine

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“…A basic yet essential finding in ecological research is that a wide range of social phenomena-such as delinquency, violence, joblessness, and physical and mental health outcomes-are spatially clustered (MacIntyre and Ellaway 2003;Sampson et al 2002;Wilson 1996). Various aspects of social life are organized by geography, including schools, government and electoral districts, and other local institutions.…”

Section: The Neighborhood As a Dimension Of Stratificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intergenerational Transmission of Context

Sharkey

2008

American Journal of Sociology

298

303

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This article draws on the extensive literature on economic and social mobility in America to examine intergenerational contextual mobility, defined as the degree to which inequalities in neighborhood environments persist across generations. PSID data are analyzed to reveal remarkable continuity in neighborhood economic status from one generation to the next. The primary consequence of persistent neighborhood stratification is that the racial inequality in America's neighborhoods that existed a generation ago has been transmitted, for the most part unchanged, to the current generation. More than 70% of black children who grow up in the poorest quarter of American neighborhoods remain in the poorest quarter of neighborhoods as adults, compared to 40% of whites. The results suggest that racial inequality in neighborhood economic status is substantially underestimated with short-term measures of neighborhood income or poverty and, second, that the steps taken to end racial discrimination in the housing and lending markets have not enabled black Americans to advance out of America's poorest neighborhoods.A long and rich tradition of research in the social sciences is devoted to describing and explaining patterns of social and economic mobility in 1 I thank Robert Sampson, William Julius Wilson, and Chris Winship for their critical input on this project. I am also grateful for feedback from audiences at several universities at which I presented the paper. I received particularly detailed and valuable comments from Xavier de

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“…16 Research has established many negative outcomes associated with such disadvantaged neighborhood conditions. 12,15,17,18 Place-based interventions have the potential to influence a Bculture of health^that supports healthy lifestyles at home, work, play, and in the places in-between, 2 and that impacts population-scale health and safety. Moreover, the influence of placebased changes often occur without asking would-be beneficiaries to change their habits, adhere to treatment regimens, or remember classroom training they may have once received.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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Place-based programs are being noticed as key opportunities to prevent disease and promote public health and safety for populations at-large. As one key type of place-based intervention, nature-based and green space strategies can play an especially large role in improving health and safety for dwellers in urban environments such as US legacy cities that lack nature and greenery. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of place-based influences on public health and safety. We focus on nonchemical environmental factors, many of which are related to urban abandonment and blight. We then review findings from studies of nature-based interventions regarding impacts on health, perceptions of safety, and crime. Based on our findings, we suggest that further research in this area will require (1) refined measures of green space, nature, and health and safety for cities, (2) interdisciplinary science and cross-sector policy collaboration, (3) observational studies as well as randomized controlled experiments and natural experiments using appropriate spatial counterfactuals and mixed methods, and (4) return-on-investment calculations of potential economic, social, and health costs and benefits of urban greening initiatives. KEYWORDS Urban nature, Green space, Place-based interventions, Public health, CrimeThere is growing support of place-based programs to help prevent disease and promote public health and safety. [1][2][3][4][5] This movement is largely motivated by increasing findings that public health interventions targeted at individuals or behaviors have limited effect on health and safety outcomes at a population scale. 6 For example, educational programs that promote behavioral change among very specific, targeted population groups may not impact broader societal issues such as the actual contexts within which unhealthy behaviors like tobacco use, lack of exercise, poor diet, distracted driving, and violence occur. 7-9 Moreover, programmatic impact is rarely sustained beyond the small study populations that are targeted. When funding ends, program impact thus also often ends unless, in very rare instances, the program itself somehow becomes institutionalized or part of a larger social norm.Place-based programs rest on increasing evidence that in addition to biological and individual attributes, everyday environments have a potentially strong and Kondo is with the USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station,

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Neighborhoods and Health: An Overview

Cited by 214 publications

References 28 publications

Towards an understanding of the relationship of functional literacy and numeracy to geographical health inequalities

Towards an understanding of the relationship of functional literacy and numeracy to geographical health inequalities

The Intergenerational Transmission of Context

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

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