Neighborhood Walkability Is Associated With Global Positioning System-Derived Community Mobility of Older Adults

Abstract

Background Neighborhood walkability may encourage greater out-of-home travel (i.e., community mobility) to support independent functioning in later life. We examined associations between a novel walkability audit index and Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived community mobility in community-dwelling older adults. We compared associations with the validated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Walkability Index and further examined moderation by clinical walking speed. Methods Participants were 146 older adults (Mean=77.0±6.5 years, 68% women) at baseline of a randomized trial to improve walking speed. A walkability index (range: 0-5; e.g., land-use mix, crosswalks, etc.) was created using Google Street View audits within 1/8-mile of the home. Participants carried a GPS device for 5-7 days to derive objective measures of community mobility (e.g., time spent out of home, accumulated distance from home). Results Each 1-SD (~1.3-point) greater walkability audit score was associated with a median 2.16% more time spent out of home (95% CI: 0.30-4.03, p=.023), adjusting for individual demographics/health and neighborhood socioeconomic status. For slower walkers (4-meter walking speed<1 m/s), each 1-SD greater audit score was also associated with a median 4.54 km greater accumulated distance from home (95% CI: 0.01-9.07, p(interaction)=.034). No significant associations were found for the EPA walkability index. Conclusions Walkability immediately outside the home was related to greater community mobility, especially for older adults with slower walking speeds. Results emphasize the need to consider the joint influence of local environment and individual functioning when addressing community mobility in older populations.