Neighborhood social cohesion and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community-based sample: findings from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study

Johns, Lauren E.; Aiello, Allison E.; Cheng, Caroline; Galea, Sandro; Koenen, Karestan C.; Uddin, Monica

doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0506-9

Cited by 69 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Also, evidence indicates that neighborhood income inequality is related to aggression and victimization from violence among adolescents in Boston [20]. Studies have shown that neighborhood social cohesion acted as a determinant of increased odds for PTSD [31] and as a mediator between neighborhood disorder and PTSD [32]. Further analysis needs to be conducted to determine whether this possible mechanism helps to explain the relationship between income inequality and likelihood for PTSD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder

Pabayo

Fuller

Kawachi

et al. 2017

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose Vulnerability to post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic event can be influenced by individual level as well as contextual factors. Characteristics of the social and economic environment might increase the odds for PTSD after traumatic events occur. One example that has been identified as a potential environmental determinant is income inequality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between State-level income inequality and PTSD among adults who have been exposed to trauma. Methods We used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=34,653). Structured diagnostic interviews were administered at baseline (2001–2002) and follow-up (2004–2005). Weighted multi-level logistic regression was used to determine if US State-level income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was associated with incident episodes of PTSD during the study’s 3-year follow-up period adjusting for individual and state-level covariates. Results The mean Gini coefficient across states in the NESARC was 0.44 (SD=0.02) and ranged from 0.39 to 0.53. Of the respondents, 27,638 reported exposure to a traumatic event. Of this sample, 6.9% and 2.3% experienced persistent or recurrent and incident PTSD, respectively. State-level inequality was not associated with increased odds for persistent or recurrent PTSD (OR=1.02; 95% CI=0.85, 1.22), but was associated with incident PTSD (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.04, 1.63). Conclusion The degree of income inequality in one’s state of residence is associated with vulnerability to PTSD among individuals exposed to traumatic events. Additional work is needed to determine if this association is causal (or alternatively, is explained by other socio-contextual factors associated with income inequality), and if so, what anxiogenic mechanisms explain it.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder

Pabayo

Fuller

Kawachi

et al. 2017

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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“…A considerable amount of empirical research has linked the economic and social conditions of neighborhoods to adverse health outcomes (Chichlowska et al, 2008; Diez-Roux, Kiefe, et al, 2001; Johns et al, 2012; Kawachi & Berkman, 2003; Kim, 2008; Kim, Diez Roux, Kiefe, Kawachi, & Liu, 2010; Leal & Chaix, 2011; O’Campo et al, 2008; Pickett & Pearl, 2001; Roberts, 1997; Ross & Mirowsky, 2001). Neighborhoods characterized by high rates of poverty and unemployment coupled with high levels of social disorganization represent some of the worst residential environments and have been found to be particularly detrimental to health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these processes, social cohesion has gained considerable attention within the public health literature (Baum, Ziersch, Zhang, & Osborne, 2009; de Vries, van Dillen, Groenewegen, & Spreeuwenberg, 2013; Fone et al, 2007; Fone et al, 2014; Johns et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2010; Mair et al, 2009). Formulated by Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls (1997), social cohesion represents one dimension of the concept “collective efficacy” which is defined as the “linkages of mutual trust” (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-jeopardy: The joint impact of neighborhood disadvantage and low social cohesion on cumulative risk of disease among African American men and women in the Jackson Heart Study

Barber

Hickson

Kawachi

et al. 2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Objectives Few studies have examined the joint impact of neighborhood disadvantage and low social cohesion on health. Moreover, no study has considered the joint impact of these factors on a cumulative disease risk profile among a large sample of African American adults. Using data from the Jackson Heart Study, we examined the extent to which social cohesion modifies the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and cumulative biological risk (CBR)—a measure of accumulated risk across multiple physiological systems. Methods Our analysis included 4,408 African American women and men ages 21–85 residing in the Jackson, MS Metropolitan Area. We measured neighborhood disadvantage using a composite score of socioeconomic indicators from the 2000 US Census and social cohesion was assessed using a 5-item validated scale. Standardized z-scores of biomarkers representing cardiovascular, metabolic, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine systems were combined to create a CBR score. We used two-level linear regression models with random intercepts adjusting for socio-demographic and behavioral covariates in the analysis. A three-way interaction term was included to examine whether the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and CBR differed by levels of social cohesion and gender. Results The interaction between neighborhood disadvantage, social cohesion and gender was statistically significant (p=0.05) such that the association between living in a disadvantaged neighborhood and CBR was strongest for men living in neighborhoods with low levels of social cohesion (B=0.63, SE: 0.32). In gender-specific models, we found a statistically significant interaction between neighborhood disadvantage and social cohesion for men (p=0.05) but not for women (p=0.50). Conclusion Neighborhoods characterized by high levels of economic disadvantage and low levels of social cohesion contribute to higher cumulative risk of disease among African American men. This suggests that they may face a unique set of challenges that put them at greater risk in these settings.

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“…Stressors may be predominantly psychological and mediated by brain perception and future expectancy. Stressors are not necessarily physical changes in the environment but may involve loss of a significant relationship, financial stress, negative neighborhood characteristics, or social threats including discrimination [14-17]. …”

Section: Stressormentioning

confidence: 99%

A systems approach to stress, stressors and resilience in humans

Oken

Chamine

Wakeland

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

216

148

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The paper focuses on the biology of stress and resilience and their biomarkers in humans from the system science perspective. A stressor pushes the physiological system away from its baseline state towards a lower utility state. The physiological system may return towards the original state in one attractor basin but may be shifted to a state in another, lower utility attractor basin. While some physiological changes induced by stressors may benefit health, there is often a chronic wear and tear cost due to implementing changes to enable the return of the system to its baseline state and maintain itself in the high utility baseline attractor basin following repeated perturbations. This cost, also called allostatic load, is the utility reduction associated with both a change in state and with alterations in the attractor basin that affect system responses following future perturbations. This added cost can increase the time course of the return to baseline or the likelihood of moving into a different attractor basin following a perturbation. Opposite to this is the system’s resilience which influences its ability to return to the high utility attractor basin following a perturbation by increasing the likelihood and/or speed of returning to the baseline state following a stressor. This review paper is a qualitative systematic review; it covers areas most relevant for moving the stress and resilience field forward from a more quantitative and neuroscientific perspective.

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Neighborhood social cohesion and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community-based sample: findings from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder

Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder

Double-jeopardy: The joint impact of neighborhood disadvantage and low social cohesion on cumulative risk of disease among African American men and women in the Jackson Heart Study

A systems approach to stress, stressors and resilience in humans

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