“…Among the limited number of published paper, a few community-based studies focusing on community resources [5,9,10], public open spaces [9,10], natural environments [10,11,12], neighborhood social cohesion [13], and socioeconomic composition of residential population [14,15,16] have found significant links between environmental characteristics and cognitive function in later life, probably through cognition stimulation [3] and cognition reserve [17]. However, most of the above-mentioned studies were cross-sectional in design, which makes it hard to explain the causal relationship between environmental characteristics and cognitive function [10,11,13,14,15,16]. Whether the environmental factors could really affect or prevent the development from AD has seldom been well-investigated.…”