Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit

Zenk, Shannon N.; Schulz, Amy J.; Israel, Barbara A.; James, Sherman A.; Bao, Shuming; Wilson, Mark L.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.042150

Cited by 780 publications

(638 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…67,68 This study adds to a growing literature suggesting that the spatial accessibility of some health resources (e.g., supermarkets) and risks (e.g., liquor stores) varies by both the socioeconomic and racial/ethnic characteristics of urban neighborhoods. 69,70 Unlike these studies, our study shows that the spatial accessibility of a health resource--facilities providing low-and no-fee screening mammography-improves with increasing poverty in Chicago neighborhoods. However, under closer scrutiny, we found that improvements in spatial accessibility with increasing neighborhood poverty are limited to neighborhoods with lower proportions of African-American residents.…”

Section: Neighborhood Variation In Spatial Accessibility Of Mammograpcontrasting

confidence: 71%

Spatial Equity in Facilities Providing Low- or No-Fee Screening Mammography in Chicago Neighborhoods

Zenk

Tarlov²,

Sun³

2006

J Urban Health

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Recent research suggests living in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with decreased likelihood of undergoing mammography and increased risk of late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. Long distances and travel times to facilities offering low-or no-fee mammography may be important barriers to adherence to mammography screening recommendations for women living in economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, in which African-Americans are disproportionately represented. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the spatial distribution of facilities providing low-or no-fee screening mammography in Chicago, Illinois, is equitable on the basis of neighborhood socioeconomic and racial characteristics. We found that distance and travel times via automobile and public transportation to facilities generally decrease as neighborhood poverty increases. However, we also found that the strength of the association between neighborhood poverty level and two of the spatial accessibility measures-distance and public transportation travel time-is less strong in African-American neighborhoods. Among neighborhoods with the greatest need for facilities (i.e., neighborhoods with the highest proportions of residents in poverty), African-American neighborhoods have longer travel distances and public transportation travel times than neighborhoods with proportionately fewer African-American residents. Thus, it appears that the spatial accessibility of low-and no-fee mammography services is inequitable in Chicago. In view of persistent social disparities in health such as breast cancer outcomes, these findings suggest it is important for researchers to examine the spatial distribution of health resources by both the socioeconomic and racial characteristics of urban neighborhoods.

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Section: Neighborhood Variation In Spatial Accessibility Of Mammograpcontrasting

confidence: 71%

Spatial Equity in Facilities Providing Low- or No-Fee Screening Mammography in Chicago Neighborhoods

Zenk

Tarlov²,

Sun³

2006

J Urban Health

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“…Although other researchers have surveyed selected food items based on a disease of interest 6,7 , the hypothesis for this study asserts that the availability and variety of fruits and vegetables is predicted by the availability of supermarkets, which are not equally accessible to all neighbourhoods 2,3 . Moreover, we developed the list of fruits and vegetables to be surveyed based on chain supermarkets that are known for having great varieties of high-quality produce, including Whole Foods s and Garden of Eden s (a local chain in New York City).…”

Section: Methods For Food Store Surveysmentioning

confidence: 97%

Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods

Morland

Filomena

2007

Public Health Nutr.

258

188

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Objective: Public health professionals continue to see the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption on population health. While studies that evaluate the availability of produce are sparse in the medical literature, disparities in availability may explain the disproportional intake of produce for some people. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability and variety of produce located in two racially and economically diverse urban neighbourhoods. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 50% of the supermarkets, small grocery stores, delicatessens, and fruit and vegetable markets located in specific neighbourhoods were randomly sampled and surveyed between September 2004 and July 2005. Food stores were evaluated for the availability of 20 types of fresh fruits and 19 types of fresh vegetables, as well as their varieties and whether they were canned, frozen or previously prepared. 2000 US Census information was used to determine characteristics of the geo-coded census tracts where the food stores were located. Setting: Brooklyn, New York. Results: A supermarket was located in approximately every third census tract in predominantly white areas (prevalence 5 0.33) and every fourth census tract in racially mixed areas (prevalence 5 0.27). There were no supermarkets located in the predominantly black areas. With the exception of bananas, potatoes, okra and yucca, a lower proportion of predominantly black area stores carried fresh produce, while supermarkets carried the largest variety of produce types. Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables were found in the majority of stores, whereas prepared and organic produce was limited to predominantly white area stores.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the availability and variety of fresh produce is associated with neighbourhood racial composition and may be a factor contributing to differences in intake among residents.

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“…Ethnic minorities, particularly Blacks, are more likely to reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods, due to segregation, with fewer options for exercise, higher crime rates, as well as a greater prevalence of advertising for fast food (Popkin et al, 2005;Morland et al, 2002a,b), even after accounting for differences in socioeconomic status (Denton and Massey, 1988;South and Crowder, 1998;Massey and Fischer, 1999;Lewis et al, 2005;Morland et al, 2002a,b;Zenk et al, 2005).…”

Section: Neighborhoods Body Mass Index and Ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood context and ethnicity differences in body mass index: A multilevel analysis using the NHANES III survey (1988–1994)

Phuong

Dubowitz

Bird

et al. 2007

Economics & Human Biology

114

110

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A growing body of literature has documented a link between neighborhood context and health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between neighborhood context and body mass index (BMI) or whether the association between neighborhood context and BMI differs by ethnicity. This paper investigates several neighborhood characteristics as potential explanatory factors for the variation of BMI across the United States; further, this paper explores to what extent segregation and the concentration of disadvantage across neighborhoods help explain ethnic disparities in BMI. Using data geo-coded at the census tract-level and linked with individual-level data from the Third National Health and Examination Survey in the United States (U.S.), we find significant variation in BMI across U.S. neighborhoods. In addition, neighborhood characteristics have a significant association with body mass and partially explain ethnic disparities in BMI, net of individual-level adjustments. These data also reveal evidence that ethnic enclaves are not in fact advantageous for the body mass index of Hispanics-a relationship counter to what has been documented for other health outcomes.

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Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit

Cited by 780 publications

References 43 publications

Spatial Equity in Facilities Providing Low- or No-Fee Screening Mammography in Chicago Neighborhoods

Spatial Equity in Facilities Providing Low- or No-Fee Screening Mammography in Chicago Neighborhoods

Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods

Neighborhood context and ethnicity differences in body mass index: A multilevel analysis using the NHANES III survey (1988–1994)

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