“…Concentrated disadvantaged areas aggregate groups such as low-income earners, welfare recipients, and single households (Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997; Sampson, Sharkey, & Raudenbush, 2008), and some may also include minority groups (Lee, Maume, & Ousey, 2003). These groups face higher levels of health risks (Barber et al, 2021) and crime risks (Lee, Maume, & Ousey, 2003; Wang, & Arnold, 2008). Many studies have revealed the significant relationships between concentrated disadvantages and differential forms of health inequalities, such as the increased risk of breast cancer (Barber et al, 2021; DeGuzman, 2017), increased incidence of lung cancer (Adie et al, 2020), diabetes and cholesterol control (Durfey et al, 2019), mental health (Kim, 2010).…”