Negro School Segregation in Ontario and Nova Scotia

Winks, Robin W.

doi:10.3138/chr-050-02-03

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Though it is well known that during, and just after, the period of slavery thousands of slaves left the United States, it is not common knowledge that the majority (up to 60,000; Landon, 1920:22) emigrated to Canada (Clairmont & Magill, 1970;Grant, 1973;Hill, 1981;Walker, 1980;Winks, 1968Winks, , 1971. The bulk of this emigration came in three major waves into two different areas: Black Loyalist immigration into the Maritimes after the American Revolutionary War (between ca.…”

Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the outset, however, these settlements were rural, remote, or urbanfringe (Clairmont & Wien, 1978:143;Clark, 1942:265;Winks, 1968Winks, , 1971, effectively reinforcing the segregation imposed by institutional racism in education, religion, and employment, and isolating blacks from whites in most areas of their lives (Abucar, 1988:3;Walker, 1985:44). Residents were forced to develop independent churches and schools, which suffered from underfunding and lack of materials.…”

Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Residents were forced to develop independent churches and schools, which suffered from underfunding and lack of materials. These were served by local black preachers and teachers, mostly community trained or appointed (Moreau, 1987;Pate, 1976;Rawlyk, 1968;Winks, 1968). 2 Infertile land allotments, small acreages (when land titles were granted), and skills that were unappreciated in the white community prevented the immigrants from attaining self-sufficiency or financial success.…”

Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Most of the freedmen possessed specific skills and trades and had had experience in the service industry (e.g., as domestics, waiters, messengers, etc.). The former slaves have been characterized as "indoor" slaves (Winks, 1971).…”

Section: Nova Scotiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians

1991

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In this article, we describe a new research project on African Nova Scotian English (ANSE), a variety spoken by descendants of African American slaves who immigrated to Nova Scotia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Subsequent segregation from surrounding populations has created a situation favoring retention of the vernacular, in conjunction with Standard English. In addition to providing the first systematic linguistic documentation of ANSE, we detail the characteristics of the Canadian scenario that make it an ideal test of the creole-origins and divergence hypotheses: in particular, that, more clearly than other African American English varieties that evolved independently in the diaspora, the Canadian situation has featured no creole influence. This fact can effectively date the occurrence of any creole-like features in contemporary ANSE (and, by extension, other varieties of African American Vernacular English [AAVE]) to (at least) the late 18th century, an important time-depth characterization. We then present the results of a series of quantitative analyses of linguistically diagnostic features and compare them to those obtained for (1) another transplanted variety of African American English (Samaná English) and (2) a prototype variety (the Ex-slave Recordings), and note the striking similarities among them. The results militate in favor of a genetic relationship among ANSE and its counterparts as a common precursor of contemporary varieties, thereby providing the first methodologically consistent cross-linguistic comparison of three distinct vestiges of “early” African American English, and contributing missing links in the history and development of AAVE.

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Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Sociolinguistic Setting Of African Nova Scotian Englishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nova Scotiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians

1991

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“…For example, provincial legislation in Ontario and Nova Scotia permitted school segregation until mid-century. 29 The systematic exclusion of black immigrants to Canada was similarly based on a combination of similar practices. 30 Most commonly, discrimination against African Canadians was not legislatively required, but was legally permitted and deeply woven into the pattern of daily life.…”

Section: Plusieurs Travaux Récents En Histoire Ayant Examiné Les Luttmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Canadian Anti-Discrimination Activism and the Transnational Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1965

Waters¹

2014

jcha

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Several recent historical works have challenged interpretations of the civil rights movement in the United States as a strictly domestic story by considering its connections to anti-racist struggles around the world. Adding a Canadian dimension to this approach, this article considers linkages between African Canadian anti-discrimination activism in the 1950s and early 1960s and African American civil rights organizing. It argues that Canadian anti-discrimination activists were interested in and influenced by the American movement. They followed American civil rights campaigns, adapted relevant ideas, and leveraged the prominent American example when pressing for change in their own country. African Canadian activists and organizations also impacted the American movement through financial and moral support. This article contributes to the study of African Canadian history, Canadian human rights history, and the American civil rights movement by emphasizing the local origins of anti-discrimination activism in Canada, while also arguing that such efforts are best understood when contextualized within a broader period of intensive global anti-racist activism that transcended national borders.

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Gender and Teachers

Llewellyn¹,

Smyth²

2019

Springer International Handbooks of Education

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Negro School Segregation in Ontario and Nova Scotia

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians

African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians

African Canadian Anti-Discrimination Activism and the Transnational Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1965

Gender and Teachers

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