“…As has been noted above, young adults often combine alcohol and ATS in licensed venues and aggressive behaviour among young adults often occurs in and around these venues. Research suggests that regular attendance at licensed venues may promote heavier patterns of substance use (Leslie et al, 2015;Singer & Schensul, 2011), which could have commensurate effects on aggressive behaviour. Further, environmental characteristics of these settings (e.g., prominent promotion of alcohol and tolerance for rowdy behaviour; Graham, Bernards, Osgood, & Wells, 2012;McFadden, Young, & Markham, 2015) and outcome expectancies regarding alcohol consumption in these settings (Zinkiewicz et al, 2016) have been shown to increase the risk of violence.…”