Negotiating bicultural identity: Contrast and assimilation effects in cultural frame switching

Essentializing race: Its implications on racial categorization.

“…As in Chao et al (2007), participants indicated on a 6-point Likert-type scale the extent to which they agreed/disagree (from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree ) with each of the following statements: “To a large extent, a person's race biologically determines his or her abilities and traits.”; “Although a person can adapt to different cultures, it is hard if not impossible to change the dispositions of a person's race.”; “ How a person is like (e.g., his or her abilities, traits) is deeply ingrained in his or her race. It cannot be changed much.”; and “A person's race is something very basic about them and it can't be changed much.” Results from past studies ( N s ranged from 72 to 137; No & Hong, 2005) attest to the validity of the measure: The scale was correlated with the inherence component of essentialist beliefs (Haslam, Bastian, & Bissett, 2004; r s from .22 to .28, p s < .05), endorsement of the entity theory of moral character (Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995; r s from .27 to .32, p s < .01), and endorsement of the entity theory of the social world (Dweck et al, 1995; r = .24, p < .05). In terms of discriminant validity, the scale was not correlated with social dominance orientation (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999; r = .18, ns ), symbolic racism (Henry & Sears, 2002; r = .11, ns ), and need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; r = .07, ns ).…”

“…"; and "A person's race is something very basic about them and it can't be changed much." Results from past studies (Ns ranged from 72 to 137; No & Hong, 2005) attest to the validity of the measure: The scale was correlated with the inherence component of essentialist beliefs (Haslam, Bastian, & Bissett, 2004; rs from .22 to .28, ps Ͻ .05), endorsement of the entity theory of moral character (Dweck, Chiu, & Hong, 1995;rs from .27 to .32, ps Ͻ .01), and endorsement of the entity theory of the social world (Dweck et al, 1995; r ϭ .24, p Ͻ .05). In terms of discriminant validity, the scale was not correlated with social dominance orientation (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999; r ϭ .18, ns), symbolic racism (Henry & Sears, 2002;r ϭ .11, ns), and need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982;r ϭ .07, ns).…”

Essentializing Race: Implications for Bicultural Individuals' Cognition and Physiological Reactivity

“…To assess laypeople's essentialist belief about race, No and Hong (2005) developed a four-item measure that captures the defining features of essentialism: the belief that race reflects a deep biological essence, is unchangeable, and is indicative of abilities and traits (Haslam et al, 2006). Participants indicate on a Likert scale the extent to which they endorse each statement (1 = strongly agree ; 6 = strongly disagree ).…”

“…In these studies, it showed high internal reliability (α = .88 in both studies). In addition, the scale was previously validated with three Asian American samples ( N s = 72, 137, and 109; No & Hong, 2005). Its convergent validity was demonstrated in studies showing that it was significantly correlated with the inherence component of essentialist beliefs (Haslam, Bastian, & Bissett, 2004; r s = .22 and .28, p s < .05) and moderately correlated with endorsement of the entity theory of moral character (Dweck et al, 1995; r s from .27 to .32, p s < .01) and endorsement of the entity theory of the social world (Dweck et al, 1995; r = .24, p < .05).…”