Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: Is MAP the trigger?

“…For several decades, paratuberculosis and meat, milk, and cheese contamination from cattle, sheep, and goats have spread globally, and humans may be threatened. In addition, it might present alive MAP or decay products in pasteurized milk and infant formula ( Ozana et al., 2022 ). Some studies confirmed that the prevalence of MAP is relatively considerable in cattle, sheep, and goats in different parts of Iran despite no data about MAP prevalence in Golestan Province ( Sadati et al., 2012 ; Anzabi and Khaki, 2017 ; Sadeghi et al., 2020 ; Pourmahdi Borujeni et al., 2021 ).…”

“…In both clinical and subclinical forms of JD, animals can shed the bacteria through their feces. MAP can be present in pasteurized milk, infant formula, water, soil, meat, and domestic aerosols ( Ozana et al., 2022 ). Since this bacterium is resistant to pasteurization and chlorination, the main transmission routes are water, food, and especially dairy products ( Sechi and Dow, 2015 ; Ozana et al., 2022 ).…”

“…MAP can be present in pasteurized milk, infant formula, water, soil, meat, and domestic aerosols ( Ozana et al., 2022 ). Since this bacterium is resistant to pasteurization and chlorination, the main transmission routes are water, food, and especially dairy products ( Sechi and Dow, 2015 ; Ozana et al., 2022 ). JD is endemic in Iran, and some studies reported MAP in cattle, sheep, and goats in different parts of Iran.…”

Two putative glutamate decarboxylases of Streptococcus pneumoniae as possible antigens for the production of anti-GAD65 antibodies leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus

“…Besides, the heat-shock protein 65 of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Hsp65 MAP ) and of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Hsp65 Mtb ) also share great similarity with the pancreatic GAD65 in an antigenic peptide region (QERLAKLAGGVAVIKA) (Naser et al 2013;Ozana et al 2022). Amino acid sequence similarity between a putative Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) glutamate decarboxylase A (GadA Spn ) and GAD65 has also been reported (García and López 1995).…”

Two putative glutamate decarboxylases of Streptococcus pneumoniae as possible antigens for the production of anti-GAD65 antibodies leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus

“…Besides, the heat-shock protein 65 of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Hsp65 MAP ) and of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Hsp65 Mtb ) also share great similarity with the pancreatic GAD65 in an antigenic peptide region (QERLAKLAGGVAVIKA) (Naser et al 2013 ; Ozana et al 2022 ). Amino acid sequence similarity between a putative Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) glutamate decarboxylase A (GadA Spn ) and GAD65 has also been reported (García and López 1995 ).…”