Negative ions in the lower ionosphere: A mass-spectrometric measurement

Airborne mass spectrometers: four decades of atmospheric and space research at the Air Force Research Laboratory

“…44 They found many of the same ions and were able to determine the mass numbers within a single mass unit. The ions seen at 60-62 u were actually three ions, CO 3 , HCO 3 and NO 3 .…”

In situmass spectrometry and ion chemistry in the stratosphere and troposphere

“…The first measurements in the atmosphere on a rocket were by Narcisi and co-workers (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) (21,22). Other rocket measurements were made by Kopp and coworkers at the University of Bern (11)(12)(13)(14), Goldberg and co-workers at NASA Goddard (23)(24)(25), and Arnold and Krankowsky at the MPI-K (26)(27)(28). Previously, measurements in the stratosphere on balloon platforms were made by the group of Arijs and co-workers at the Belgium Institute of Space Technology (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).…”

“…Liquid-helium-based pumps replaced the nitrogen-based system and offered excellent pumping speed (1,26). The main drawback of the helium-cooled systems is that liquid helium has a low heat capacity.…”

Kinetics and Rate Constants of Reactions Leading to Hydration of and in Gaseous Oxygen, Argon, and Helium Containing Traces of Water

“…Recent rocket borne mass spectrometer measurements (2,3) indicate that the NO; (H20), species is the dominant negative ion at altitudes below 90 km.…”