Negative Ion Formation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry and in Corona Discharge Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Choi, Sung‐Seen; Kim, Ok-Bae; Kim, Yun-Ki; An, Seung Geon; Shin, Myung-Won; Maeng, Seug-Jin; Choi, Gyu Seop

doi:10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.3.1055

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Mass spectrometry is a good analytical technique for detection of explosives. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are generally used for analysis of explosives . Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is a popular ionization source for analysis of explosives using LC/MS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is a popular ionization source for analysis of explosives using LC/MS. In the previous work, detection limit of PETN in APCI‐MS was analyzed. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used to detect explosives, because it has high sensitivity and high‐speed data acquisition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 63 Ni ionization source has low electron energy and its applications are restricted to the determination of aromatic and unsaturated compounds. The corona discharge ionization can be used for ionization of a broad range of different classes of chemical compounds . In IMS, the ion mobility ( K , cm 2 /V s) is defined by Eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SISs affect detection limit and sensitivity of IMS. SISs for explosive analysis include direct gas inlet, gas chromatograph, semi‐permeable membrane for gas sampling, direct liquid solution inlet, electrospray ionization, solid‐phase microextraction, stir‐bar sorptive extraction, and ceramic evaporator . When detection of explosives is performed using IMS in the airport security checks, one of the sample collection methods is smearing the solid sample surface using a fabric or paper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure shows gathered IMS spectra of RDX, TNT, and PETN. The typical ions of RDX, TNT, and PETN detected in IMS were believed to be [RDX + Cl] − , [TNT – H] − , and [PETN + Cl] − , respectively. Figures show the IMS spectra of explosives obtained at the detection limit concentrations using the cellulose paper, cotton fabric, and stainless steel mesh, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Smear Matrix Type on Detection Efficiencies of Explosives in Corona Discharge‐Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Choi

Son

Shin³

et al. 2016

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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Explosives containing nitro groups are nitroaromatic compounds, nitrate esters, and nitroamines.1 Dinitrotoluenes, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) belong to the nitroaromatic compounds. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is a representative nitrate ester compound and the nitroamine explosives include 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine.Mass spectrometry is a good analytical technique for detection of explosives. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) are generally used for analysis of explosives.2-7 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is a popular ionization source for analysis of explosives using LC/MS. In the previous work, 7 detection limit of PETN in APCI-MS was analyzed. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used to detect explosives, [8][9][10][11][12] because it has high sensitivity and highspeed data acquisition. The time required to acquire a single IMS spectrum is several tens of milliseconds and the working principle of IMS is based on the drift of ions at ambient pressure under the influence of an external electric field. 13-19A typical IMS is comprised of a sampling region, an ionization source, an ion/molecule injection shutter, an ion drift tube, and an ion detector. An ion swarm drifting under the electric field experiences a separation process based on the different masses and structures. The ion mobility spectrum contains information on the nature of the different trace compounds present in the sample gas. Popular ionization sources used in IMS are 63 Ni ionization (β-ionization) and corona discharge ionization. The corona discharge ionization source is relatively new ionization method. 20 The 63 Ni ionization source has low electron energy and its applications are restricted to the determination of aromatic and unsaturated compounds. The corona discharge ionization can be used for ionization of a broad range of different classes of chemical compounds. 7,[21][22][23] In IMS, the ion mobility (K, cm 2 /V s) is defined by Eq. (1)where v d is the drift velocity of ion (cm/s), E is the electric field (V/cm), L is the drift distance of ion (cm), and t d is the drift time of ion in the drift region (s). The drift time of ion in IMS is influenced by the pressure and temperature of the drift region. The reduced ion mobility (K 0 ) is the pressure and temperature-corrected mobility. The reduced ion mobility is defined by Eq. (2)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of Smear Matrix Type on Detection Efficiencies of Explosives in Corona Discharge‐Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Choi

Son

Shin³

et al. 2016

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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Testing Method for On‐Site Measurement of Explosive Materials Contaminated on Travel Luggage Bag and Backpack Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Choi

Son

2017

Bulletin Korean Chem Soc

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Testing method for the on-site detection of explosive materials contaminated on the travel luggage bag (TLB) and backpack (BP) surfaces was established using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and smear matrix. Trinitrotoluene and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane were used as model explosive materials. Two sampling methods of rolling (with a metal roller) and handrubbing were used, and stainless steel mesh was used as the smear matrix for collection of explosive material. Testing parts of the TLB and BP were selected in consideration of contaminant accumulation, physical contact, and sample collection. Explosive materials deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet were transferred to the testing part, the explosive materials existing on the testing part were collected using the smear matrix, and then the collected explosive materials were analyzed using IMS. High signal-to-noise ratio over 10 was applied for the determination of the minimum initial explosive concentration (C min_PTFE ) to detect in IMS. The handrubbing method was much more efficient than the rolling method. The C min_PTFE values were different according to the testing parts. The C min_PTFE values of the TLB were higher than those of the BP. The experimental results were explained by difference in surface morphology of the testing areas. The testing method can be helpful to select the sampling parts and to collect the explosive materials for on-site security checks.

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Test method for vapor collection and ion mobility detection of explosives with low vapor pressure

Son,

Choi,

Choi

2023

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RationaleIon mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used for on‐site detection of explosives. Air sampling method is applicable only when the concentration of explosive vapor is considerably high in the air, but vapor pressures of common explosives such as 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are very low. A test method for analyzing the vapor detection efficiency of explosives with low vapor pressure via IMS was developed using artificial vapor and collection matrices.MethodsArtificial explosive vapor was produced by spraying an explosive solution in acetone. Fifteen collection matrices of various materials with woven or nonwoven structures were tested. Two arrangements of horizontal and vertical positions of the collection matrices were employed. Explosive vapor collected in the matrix was analyzed using IMS.ResultsOnly three collection matrices of stainless steel mesh (SSM), polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (PFS), and lens cleansing paper (LCP) showed the TNT and/or RDX ion peaks at an explosive vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. There was no collection matrix to detect PETN vapor at or lower than 49 ng/L. For the PFS, TNT and RDX were detected at a vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. For the LCP, TNT and RDX were detected at vapor concentrations of 14 and 49 ng/L, irrespectively.ConclusionsThe difference in the explosive vapor detection efficiencies could be explained by the adsorption and desorption capabilities of the collection matrices. The proposed method can be used for evaluating the vapor detection efficiency of hazardous materials with low vapor pressure.

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Negative Ion Formation of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate in Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry and in Corona Discharge Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Influence of Smear Matrix Type on Detection Efficiencies of Explosives in Corona Discharge‐Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Influence of Smear Matrix Type on Detection Efficiencies of Explosives in Corona Discharge‐Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Testing Method for On‐Site Measurement of Explosive Materials Contaminated on Travel Luggage Bag and Backpack Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Test method for vapor collection and ion mobility detection of explosives with low vapor pressure

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