Neethling vaccine proved highly effective in controlling lumpy skin disease epidemics in the Balkans

Klement, Eyal; Broglia, Alessandro; Antoniou, Sotiria‐Eleni; Tsiamadis, Vangelis; Plevraki, E.; Petrović, Tamaš; Polaček, Vladimir; Debeljak, Zoran; Miteva, Aleksandra; Alexandrov, Tsviatko; Marojevic, Drago; Pite, Ledi; Kondratenko, V. F.; Atanasov, Zoran; Gubbins, Simon; Stegeman, Arjan; Abrahantes, José Cortiñas

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.001

Cited by 61 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is clear from the results presented here that LSD, SP, and GP have a negative impact on farmers' livelihoods, but also that some of the control measures and coping strategies taken at a farm level are likely to have consequences for spreading virus and maintaining disease in the study area. There is evidence that vaccination can be an effective control measure for LSD, SP, and GP (5,29), although the lack of CPPV vaccine available in Nigeria leaves farmers and other stakeholders along the production chain (e.g., middlemen and livestock markets managers) without this disease control option. Understanding farmers' incentives and motivations to implement certain practices is key when planning interventions and disease control programs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria

et al. 2020

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheeppox (SP), and goatpox (GP) are contagious viral infections, affecting cattle (LSD), sheep and goats (SP and GP) with highly characteristic clinical signs affecting multiple body systems. All three diseases are widely reported to reduce meat, milk, wool and cashmere production although few studies have formally evaluated their economic impact on affected farms. This study aimed to estimate the economic impact and epidemiological parameters of LSD, SP, and GP among backyard and transhumance farmers in northeast Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted on herds and flocks affected between August 2017 and January 2018 in Bauchi, Nigeria. Herds and flocks were diagnosed based on clinical signs and information was collected once the outbreak concluded using a standardized questionnaire. Data were collected from 99 farmers (87 backyard and 12 transhumance). The median incidence risk and fatality rate were 33 and 0% in cattle, 53 and 34 % in sheep; 50 and 33% in goats, respectively, with young stock having higher incidence risk and fatality rates than adults. Almost all farmers (94%) treated affected animals with antibiotics, spending a median of US$1.96 (min US$0.19-max US$27.5) per herd per day. Slaughtering or selling affected animals at low prices were common coping strategies. Farmers sold live cattle for 47% less than would have been sold if the animal was healthy, while sheep and goats were sold for 58 and 57% less, respectively. Milk production dropped 65% when cows were clinically affected and 35% after they recovered. Cattle lost a median of 10% of their live weight and sheep and goats lost 15%. Overall economic losses at farm level range from US$9.6 to US$6,340 depending on species affected and production system. Most of the farmers (72%) had not replaced all affected animals at the time of the study. Livestock markets were the most common place to sell affected animals and buy replacements, suggesting these are likely hubs for spreading infections. This study confirms the immediate and long-lasting impact of these diseases on subsistence farmers' livelihoods in NorthEast Nigeria and suggests potential mechanisms for targeted control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria

et al. 2020

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“…The high level of uncertainty in the estimates of vaccine effectiveness for most villages (Figure 7e,f) makes their interpretation. Although the 95% credible intervals for around 90% of the villages contain previous estimates for vaccine effectiveness in Albania derived from transmission modelling (76.5%; Gubbins et al, 2019) or survival analysis (62.5%; Klement et al, 2019), this reflects the width of the credible intervals rather than consistency of the estimates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…For example, assuming a vaccine effectiveness of 62.5% (Klement et al., ) and using the 95th percentile for each R 0 , the level of vaccine coverage required to control an outbreak (95% credible interval) varies from 7.3% to 91.7%, with a median of 52.5%. In addition, 37 villages would be protected at any level of coverage (because the 95th percentile for R 0 < 1), while 16 villages would not be protected from outbreaks even at 100% coverage (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy skin disease

Calistri¹,

DeClercq²,

Gubbins³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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In 2018, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in the Balkan region, after the decline reported in 2017 (385) compared to 2016 (7,483). This confirms the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign based on the LSD homologous vaccine strain which continued throughout 2018 with over 2.5 million animals vaccinated, keeping the mean vaccination coverage above 70%. In 2018, LSD outbreaks were reported in Russia, Turkey and Georgia. In Russia, the LSD epidemics expanded northward and eastward, while in Turkey, the most affected region was in the east. LSD is spreading in Turkey since 2013, despite large vaccination campaigns with heterologous vaccine performed since 2014. This might support the hypothesis that the use of heterologous vaccines results in insufficient protection, and therefore, the use of homologous LSD vaccine in Turkey should be considered to prevent further spread. As the LSD epidemic in Turkey is a risk for reintroduction into the EU, it is recommended to continue the vaccination campaigns in 2019 in the high‐risk areas of Balkan region. Spread rates of LSD within a village were estimated from outbreak data for Albania, which can be used to inform the level of vaccination required to control an outbreak in a village. In terms of vaccine safety, the reports from the field suggest that, compared to the large number of animals vaccinated in the Balkan region since 2015, a very limited number of side effects have been recorded so far, although from published literature, local or even systemic side effects in some animals may occur after vaccination. However, due to inadequate study design in the reviewed studies, there is no consensus on the magnitude of such effects and on their real consequences on production.

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“…This also means that a differential diagnostic method can be developed based on this sequence difference between vaccine and wild type virus, and this can be used as a tool to monitor vaccination [35]. Vaccination is reported as the best way to control LSDV and it can be done with attenuated LSDV, sheeppox and goatpox viruses [36,37]. It is however still necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the currently approved LSDV vaccines under field conditions in Uganda, before mass vaccination can be rolled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018

et al. 2020

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Background: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has substantial economic implications, with infection resulting in permanent damage to the skin of affected animals which lowers their commercial value. In Uganda, LSD is endemic and cases of the disease are frequently reported to government authorities. This study was undertaken to molecularly characterize lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains that have been circulating in Uganda between 2017 and 2018. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of Ugandan LSDV sequences with published sequences, available in GenBank. Results: A total of 7 blood samples and 16 skin nodule biopsies were screened for LSDV using PCR to confirm presence of LSDV nucleic acids. PCR positive samples were then characterised by amplifying the GPCR gene. These amplified genes were sequenced and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Out of the 23 samples analysed, 15 were positive for LSDV by PCR (65.2%). The LSDV GPCR sequences analysed contained the unique signatures of LSDV (A11, T12, T34, S99, and P199) which further confirmed their identity. Sequence comparison with vaccine strains revealed a 12 bp deletion unique to Ugandan outbreak strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LSDV sequences from this study clustered closely with sequences from neighboring East African countries and with LSDV strains from recent outbreaks in Europe. It was noted that the sequence diversity amongst LSDV strains from Africa was higher than diversity from Eurasia. Conclusion: The LSDV strains circulating in Uganda were closely related with sequences from neighboring African countries and from Eurasia. Comparison of the GPCR gene showed that outbreak strains differed from vaccine strains. This information is necessary to understand LSDV molecular epidemiology and to contribute knowledge towards the development of control strategies by the Government of Uganda.

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Neethling vaccine proved highly effective in controlling lumpy skin disease epidemics in the Balkans

Cited by 61 publications

References 11 publications

Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria

Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria

Lumpy skin disease

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018

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