Needleless intradermal vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease induced granuloma-free effective protection in pigs

Abstract

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways of controlling and preventing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. The effective prevention of this disease requires the use of high-quality vaccines to meet the criteria that enable customers to use them simply. The administration of FMD vaccines containing oil-based adjuvants in pigs can induce the formation of granuloma in the muscle of the vaccinated, which makes these vaccines a less preferable option. Therefore, it is important to establish an FMD vaccine and vaccine delivery tool that offers better immunity and safer application. This study compared the immune responses of intramuscular and needleless intradermal vaccination in pigs. When the same amount of an FMD virus (FMDV) antigen was administered to pigs, both the intradermally and intramuscularly vaccinated groups were protected completely against a challenge of the homologous FMDV, but the intramuscularly vaccinated group showed an overall higher level of neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, the formation of granuloma in muscle could be excluded in the intradermally vaccinated group. Of the oil-based adjuvants selected in this study, ISA 207 was effective in eliciting immunogenicity in intradermal vaccination. In conclusion, a new vaccine formula can be chosen for the delivery of intradermal route to exclude the possibility of local reactions in the muscle and generate protective immunity against an FMDV challenge.

Immunogenicity and Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Swine Intradermally Vaccinated with a Bivalent Vaccine of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O and A

“…Due to these advantageous features, several studies have investigated ID vaccines [8][9][10]. A previous study on a needle-free delivery system reported that FMD vaccination through the ID route using the same antigen as that used for IM vaccination effectively protected swine from FMDV [20].…”

Efficacy of Needle-Less Intradermal Vaccination against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

“…IFN-γ-secreting cells reached maximum levels and upregulation of IFN-γ gene expression in PBMC was also detected in ID group pigs after administration of the booster dose by Aujeszky’s vaccine [ 29 ]. Another study that compared IM foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination with ID FMD vaccination suggested that the latter protects animals when their serum neutralization antibody titers are low [ 30 ]. Data suggests that this effect is partly associated with humoral immunity because ID vaccination is a major contributor to cell-mediated immune responses that induce mobilization of inflammatory dendritic cells [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Intradermal Inoculation of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Induced Effective Immune Responses Comparable to Conventional Intramuscular Injection in Pigs

“…Massive outbreaks of FMD in the Republic of Korea from 2010 to 2011 led to the implementation of various policies to break this economic cycle; specifically, the Republic of Korea has adopted policies of intramuscularly (IM) vaccinating all susceptible livestock with an inactivated FMD vaccine [ 5 , 6 ]. The adjuvants included in the vaccine regulate the immune response to the vaccine through inducing proinflammatory cytokine production and regulating the T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) balance, but the immune activation mediated by these adjuvants may lead to various local or systemic reactions, including strong immune response, potentially causing adverse effects [ 7 ].…”

“…The adjuvants included in the vaccine regulate the immune response to the vaccine through inducing proinflammatory cytokine production and regulating the T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) balance, but the immune activation mediated by these adjuvants may lead to various local or systemic reactions, including strong immune response, potentially causing adverse effects [ 7 ]. Therefore, excessive immune responses induced by preventive vaccines may lead to undesirable muscle and soft tissue changes in livestock that reduce meat quality, including granuloma, sterile abscess, residual vaccine, and nodular lesions in the muscle layer [ 6 , 8 ]. Undesirable vaccination-induced muscle and soft tissue changes persist for a long time and are observed even in slaughterhouses.…”

“…In contrast to IM vaccination, ID vaccination is administered subcutaneously rather than intramuscularly, reducing the changes in muscle and soft tissues and preventing economic losses in meat production [ 11 ]. Moreover, needle-free ID vaccination is less painful, avoids lesions in the muscle and reduces vaccination time as needle replacement is not required [ 6 ]. Given these advantages, the efficacy of the ID administration of the FMDV vaccine using a needle-free ID injector prototype was evaluated in this study based on side effects, body weight gain, and the induction of antibodies and T-cell immune responses.…”