Need to Belong, Not Rejection Sensitivity, Moderates Cortisol Response, Self-Reported Stress, and Negative Affect Following Social Exclusion

Beekman, Janine B.; Stock, Michelle L.; Marcus, Tara

doi:10.1080/00224545.2015.1071767

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…On the one hand, individual differences regarding the need to belong or self-esteem seem to be important for emotional, hormonal and neural responses (Beekman et al 2015;Ford and Collins 2010;Onoda et al 2009). On the other hand, there are external factors which seem to influence the perception of exclusion in the Cyberball task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context

Wagels

Bergs

Clemens

et al. 2016

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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Social stress has a major detrimental impact on subjective well-being. Previous research mainly focused on two methods to induce and measure social stress: social exclusion and performance evaluation. For social exclusion researchers frequently focused on the Cyberball task, which in contrast to many psychosocial stress paradigms does not include a performance component. The aim of the current study was to establish an optimized psychosocial stress paradigm by combining both, social exclusion as well as performance evaluation within a single fMRI paradigm. We implemented a modification of the Cyberball task including a performance game (with exclusion and inclusion periods) in addition to the already established exclusion and inclusion periods. This indeed resulted in increased subjective stress in the performance game. Hence, the modified Cyberball version seems to be superior in mapping relevant neural social stress correlates more pronounced and reliably. Exclusion within the performance-related context contrasted to the unmodified exclusion was associated with higher activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula. Moreover, the modified exclusion reflected greater social processing in the precuneus, several temporo-parietal and medial prefrontal areas, as suggested by the additional task aspects of social evaluation and social perspective taking. The findings emphasize that public negative evaluation is effective in substantially enlarging and potentiating the distressing effect of exclusion on a subjective as well as on a neural level. This may have a great potential for further experimental research on social stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context

Wagels

Bergs

Clemens

et al. 2016

Brain Imaging and Behavior

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“…During this CBG, participants play a computer-simulated ball and feel distressed during the period when the other players barely throw a ball to him/her. Some studies also showed physiological changes such as raised cortisol level, higher skin conductance, and increased facial temperature [29][30][31][32][33][34]. A systematic review of neuroimaging studies summarized the relevant brain activities and showed its reliability to induce social stress in healthy volunteers [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Rifaximin on Central Responses to Social Stress—a Pilot Experiment

2018

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Probiotics that promote the gut microbiota have been reported to reduce stress responses, and improve memory and mood. Whether and how antibiotics that eliminate or inhibit pathogenic and commensal gut bacteria also affect central nervous system functions in humans is so far unknown. In a double-blinded randomized study, 16 healthy volunteers (27.00 ± 1.60 years; 9 males) received either rifaximin (600 mg/day) (a poorly absorbable antibiotic) or placebo for 7 days. Before and after the drug intervention, brain activities during rest and during a social stressor inducing feelings of exclusion (Cyberball game) were measured using magnetoencephalography. Social exclusion significantly affected (p < 0.001) mood and increased exclusion perception. Magnetoencephalography showed brain regions with higher activations during exclusion as compared to inclusion, in different frequency bands. Seven days of rifaximin increased prefrontal and right cingulate alpha power during resting state. Low beta power showed an interaction of intervention (rifaximin, placebo) × condition (inclusion, exclusion) during the Cyberball game in the bilateral prefrontal and left anterior cingulate cortex. Only in the rifaximin group, a decrease (p = 0.004) in power was seen comparing exclusion to inclusion; the reduced beta-1 power was negatively correlated with a change in the subjective exclusion perception score. Social stress affecting brain functioning in a specific manner is modulated by rifaximin. Contrary to our hypothesis that antibiotics have advert effects on mood, the antibiotic exhibited stress-reducing effects similar to reported effects of probiotics (supported by NeuroGUT, a EU 7th Framework Programme ITN no. 607652; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number NCT02793193).

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“…Another issue that was not considered in the current paper was the question of whether participants believed to interact with an avatar (i.e., a human-controlled character) or an agent (i.e., a computer algorithm). The Threshold Model of Social Influence (Blascovich et al, 2002) assumes that the degree of agency attributed to the virtual other influences the interaction. Other authors, however, have succeeded in demonstrating that it does not matter whether the Cyberball-players are controlled by a human or a computer (e.g., Kothgassner et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Experimental Virtual Paradigms for Stress Research: Developing Avatar-Based Approaches for Interpersonal and Evaluative Stressors

Kothgassner

Hlavacs

Beutl

et al. 2016

Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2016

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In light of the rather limited ecological validity of paradigms traditionally used for social stress research, the current paper set out to introduce virtual analogues of the Cyberball-Game (Williams, 2007) and the Trier Social Stress Test (Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993). Both were tested in samples of healthy adults using salivary cortisol, self-reported stress and presence as dependent measures. Results indicate a significant rise in cortisol levels and subjective stress; presence, however, was not correlated with stress reactivity. In sum, this study clearly supports the use of virtual environments in stress research as they offer both the internal control and ecological validity needed to generalize findings to real-world settings.

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Need to Belong, Not Rejection Sensitivity, Moderates Cortisol Response, Self-Reported Stress, and Negative Affect Following Social Exclusion

Cited by 63 publications

References 34 publications

Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context

Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context

Effects of Rifaximin on Central Responses to Social Stress—a Pilot Experiment

Two Experimental Virtual Paradigms for Stress Research: Developing Avatar-Based Approaches for Interpersonal and Evaluative Stressors

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