Need states and activity level.

Baumeister, Alfred A.; Hawkins, William F.; Cromwell, Rue L.

doi:10.1037/h0047136

Cited by 91 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…These findings provide an interesting illustration of the differences between drive (Baumeister, Hawkins, & Cromwell, 1964;Bronfenbrenner, 1968) and epigenetic (Kuo, Fig. 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Influence of age and sex on the behavior of rats deprived of the rearing response

Syme

1975

Developmental Psychobiology

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Rearing on the hind legs, one component of "general activity" was restricted in male and female rats both before (25 days) and after (50 days) the development of this response. In contrast to previous restriction studies the animals were kept in groups and allowed free locomotor activity in the cage environment. After 8 weeks, open-field testing showed that selective restriction decreased the frequency of rearing behavior, particularly unsupported rearing which requires physical coordination and balance. Effects were greater for females (which usually rear more than males) and for animals restricted at weaning (25 days).

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“…These findings provide an interesting illustration of the differences between drive (Baumeister, Hawkins, & Cromwell, 1964;Bronfenbrenner, 1968) and epigenetic (Kuo, Fig. 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Influence of age and sex on the behavior of rats deprived of the rearing response

Syme

1975

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Evidence suggests that the carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of the diet is important. Experiments have shown that rats will increase wheel running as the relative amount of carbohydrate is increased (Baumeister, Harkins, & Cromwell, 1964;Chiel & Wurtman, 1981;Collier & Squibb, 1967;Reed, 1947). A report by Richter (1977) on appetite and sugar (a simple carbohydrate) suggests that high levels of carbohydrate may generate excessive wheel running (up to 40,000 revolutions per day).…”

Section: Food Intake and Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity-based anorexia: A biobehavioral perspective

Epling

Pierce

1988

Int. J. Eat. Disord.

101

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A biobehavioral model of activity‐based anorexia is examined in terms of recent evidence. Strenuous exercise reduces the value of food reinforcement and results in decreased food intake. Reduction of food intake increases the motivational value of physical exercise. This produces an escalation in activity that further suppresses appetite. Cultural practices of diet and exercise initiate this anorexic cycle, and once started the process is resistant to change. These anorexias may be the result of natural selection favoring those organisms that became active in times of food scarcity. Proximate physiological mechanism(s) appear to involve the endogenous opiate system that mediates the relationshp between running and eating. It is argued that classification of human self‐starvation should be based on environmental and/or biological conditions that control food regulation. Activity anorexia may be one instance of such a classification that could account for many instances of “an orexia nervosa”.

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“…There is a large literature showing that reward-associated stimuli, including contexts, produce psychomotor activation (eg, Baumeister et al, 1964;Hinson and Poulos, 1981). …”

Section: Cocaine Context Hyperactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

Saunders

O'Donnell

Aurbach

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Addiction is characterized by a high propensity for relapse, in part because cues associated with drugs can acquire Pavlovian incentive motivational properties, and acting as incentive stimuli, such cues can instigate and invigorate drug-seeking behavior. There is, however, considerable individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete and localizable reward cues act as much more effective incentive stimuli in some rats ('sign-trackers', STs), than others ('goal-trackers', GTs). We asked whether similar individual variation exists for contextual cues associated with cocaine. Cocaine context conditioned motivation was quantified in two ways: (1) the ability of a cocaine context to evoke conditioned hyperactivity and (2) the ability of a context in which cocaine was previously self-administered to renew cocaine-seeking behavior. Finally, we assessed the effects of intra-accumbens core flupenthixol, a nonselective dopamine receptor antagonist, on context renewal. In contrast to studies using discrete cues, a cocaine context spurred greater conditioned hyperactivity, and more robustly renewed extinguished cocaine seeking in GTs than STs. In addition, cocaine context renewal was blocked by antagonism of dopamine receptors in the accumbens core. Thus, contextual cues associated with cocaine preferentially acquire motivational control over behavior in different individuals than do discrete cues, and in these individuals the ability of a cocaine context to create conditioned motivation for cocaine requires dopamine in the core of the nucleus accumbens. We speculate that different individuals may be preferentially sensitive to different 'triggers' of relapse.

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Need states and activity level.

Cited by 91 publications

References 70 publications

Influence of age and sex on the behavior of rats deprived of the rearing response

Influence of age and sex on the behavior of rats deprived of the rearing response

Activity-based anorexia: A biobehavioral perspective

A Cocaine Context Renews Drug Seeking Preferentially in a Subset of Individuals

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