Need for cognition relates to low-level visual performance in a metacontrast masking paradigm

Fleischhauer, Monika; Miller, Robert; Enge, Sören; Albrecht, Thorsten

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.007

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…For some participants, performance decreases with increasing SOA; for others, performance increases (Albrecht et al, 2010). This phenomenon has been replicated multiple times in our own lab (Albrecht & Mattler, 2012a, 2012bFleischhauer, Miller, Enge, & Albrecht, 2014). as well as by others (e.g., Maksimov et al, 2011).…”

Section: Individual Differencessupporting

confidence: 81%

Visual experience forms a multidimensional pattern that is not reducible to a single measure: Evidence from metacontrast masking

2020

Self Cite

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A metacontrast masking paradigm was employed to provide evidence for the richness and diversity of our visual experience. Square-and diamond-shaped targets were followed by square-and diamond-shaped masks at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), resulting in shape-congruent and shape-incongruent trials. In Experiment 1, participants reported in each trial how they perceived target and mask. After extended training, seven different aspects of the target could be distinguished as specific percepts in this metacontrast masking paradigm. These percepts encompass aspects including the temporal distance between both stimuli, the perceived contrast of the target, and motion percepts resulting from the interplay between the target and mask. Participants spontaneously reported each of these percepts, and the frequency of reports varied systematically with SOA and the congruency between target and mask. In Experiment 2, we trained a new group of participants to distinguish each of these target percepts. Again, the frequency of reports of the specific percepts varied with SOA and congruency, just as in Experiment 1. In a last session, we measured objective discrimination performance yielding the typical individually different masking functions across SOAs. An examination of the relation between the frequencies of reports of subjective percepts and objective discrimination performance revealed multiple dissociations between these measures. Results suggest a multidimensional pattern of subjective experiences under metacontrast, which is reflected in dissociated subjective and objective measures of visual awareness. As a consequence, awareness cannot be assessed exhaustively by a single measure, thus challenging the use of simple one-dimensional subjective or objective measures in visual masking.

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Section: Individual Differencessupporting

confidence: 81%

Visual experience forms a multidimensional pattern that is not reducible to a single measure: Evidence from metacontrast masking

2020

Self Cite

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“…Need for cognition (NFC) can be defined as a learner's individual disposition to engage in effortful cognitive activities and to enjoy thinking and being cognitively challenged (Cacioppo and Petty 1982;Cacioppo et al 1984;Cacioppo et al 1986). High NFC is associated with thorough processing of arguments and argument quality (Cacioppo et al 1983;Cacioppo et al 1986), with thorough processing of task-relevant information (Fleischhauer et al 2014;Reinhard 2010, Exp. 1 & 2;Reinhard and Dickhäuser 2009;Verplanklen et al 1992), and thorough processing of learning materials (Sadowski and Gülgöz 1996).…”

Section: Need For Cognition and The Generation Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Self-Generation During Learning is Dependent on Individual Differences in Need for Cognition.

Schindler

Reinhard

2019

FLR

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Self-generated information is better recognized and recalled than read information. This so-called generation effect has been replicated several times for different types of stimulus material, different generation tasks, and retention intervals. The present study investigated the impact of individual differences in learners' disposition to engage in effortful cognitive activities (need for cognition, NFC) on the effectiveness of selfgeneration during learning. Learners low in NFC usually avoid getting engaged in cognitively demanding activities. However, if these learners are explicitly instructed to use elaborate learning strategies such as self-generation, they should benefit more from such strategies than learners high in NFC, because self-generation stimulates cognitive processes that learners low in NFC usually tend not to engage in spontaneously. Using a classical word-generation paradigm, we not only replicated the generation effect in free and cued recall but showed that the magnitude of the generation effect increased with decreasing NFC in cued recall. Results are consistent with our assumption that learners higher in NFC engage in elaborate processing even without explicit instruction, whereas learners lower in NFC usually avoid cognitively demanding activities. These learners need cognitively demanding tasks that require them to switch from shallow to elaborate processing to improve learning. We conclude that selfgeneration is beneficial regardless of the NFC level, but our study extends the existing literature on the generation effect and on NFC by showing that self-generation can be particularly useful for balancing the learning disadvantage of students lower in NFC.

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“…[32]). This may become a way toward handy diagnostic and screening methods for individual vulnerability and resilience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single 5HTR2A-1438 A/G nucleotide polymorphism affects performance in a metacontrast masking task: Implications for vulnerability testing and neuromodulation of pyramidal cells

Maksimov

Vaht

Harro

et al. 2015

Neuroscience Letters

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Need for cognition relates to low-level visual performance in a metacontrast masking paradigm

Cited by 23 publications

References 36 publications

Visual experience forms a multidimensional pattern that is not reducible to a single measure: Evidence from metacontrast masking

Visual experience forms a multidimensional pattern that is not reducible to a single measure: Evidence from metacontrast masking

Effectiveness of Self-Generation During Learning is Dependent on Individual Differences in Need for Cognition.

Single 5HTR2A-1438 A/G nucleotide polymorphism affects performance in a metacontrast masking task: Implications for vulnerability testing and neuromodulation of pyramidal cells

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