Necrotising fungal dermatitis in a group of bearded dragons (<i>Pogona vitticeps</i>)

Hedley, Joanna; Eatwell, Kevin; Hume, L.

doi:10.1136/vr.b4816

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…4 Clinical signs include swellings and discolored, crusty, ulcerative to necrotic skin lesions of the facial region, body, limbs, or tail. [1][2][3][4][5]9 Clinical signs of dermatomycosis in the present 3 cases were similar to skin lesions caused by other Nannizziopsis species, [1][2][3][4][5]9 and the site of infection also included the facial region in 2 cases. Identification of N. chlamydospora by PCR and subsequent DNA sequencing in 2 cases strongly suggests that this fungal species was the causative agent of the dermatomycosis.…”

Section: Dermatomycosis In Three Central Bearded Dragons (Pogona Vittsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…6 Hyphomycete fungi of the family Nannizziopsiaceae isolated from bearded dragons include N. chlamydospora, N. draconii, N. barbata, N. guarroi, and N. vriesii. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]9 Clinical signs include swellings, subcutaneous masses, and skin lesions. [1][2][3][4][5]9 Antifungal treatments were not always successful in resolving the skin lesions, or skin lesions recrudesce, resulting in the animals being euthanized and, at postmortem, systemic fungal infections were occasionally identified.…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1-7,9 Clinical signs include swellings, subcutaneous masses, and skin lesions. [1][2][3][4][5]9 Antifungal treatments were not always successful in resolving the skin lesions, or skin lesions recrudesce, resulting in the animals being euthanized and, at postmortem, systemic fungal infections were occasionally identified.2,4,5 Three central bearded dragons (syn. inland bearded dragon; Pogona vitticeps) from the same owner were privately held as companion animals.…”

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Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora

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Dermatomycosis associated with Nannizziopsis sp. is documented in lizards, terrestrial and aquatic snakes, and crocodiles. 6 Hyphomycete fungi of the family Nannizziopsiaceae isolated from bearded dragons include N. chlamydospora, N. draconii, N. barbata, N. guarroi, and N. vriesii. 1-7,9 Clinical signs include swellings, subcutaneous masses, and skin lesions. [1][2][3][4][5]9 Antifungal treatments were not always successful in resolving the skin lesions, or skin lesions recrudesce, resulting in the animals being euthanized and, at postmortem, systemic fungal infections were occasionally identified.2,4,5 Three central bearded dragons (syn. inland bearded dragon; Pogona vitticeps) from the same owner were privately held as companion animals. Two bearded dragons were male and 1 was female and all were 6 years of age. They were habituated in 2 terrariums (2.2 m 2 and 1.2 m 2 , photoperiod 10-12 h, ultraviolet source, temperature 23-40°C, cage substrate sand), fed insects twice a week, vegetables and fruit daily, and supplemented with a calcium and vitamin powder once a week. Males were housed separately, and alternately paired with the female bearded dragon. The 3 lizards were presented to the clinic because of chronic skin problems. One male bearded dragon (case 1) had crusty skin lesions on the lower mandible and a subcutaneous mass near the left shoulder; the second male bearded dragon (case 2) also had crusty, erosive, and ulcerative skin lesions on the lower mandible; and the female bearded dragon (case 3) had a subcutaneous mass near the left shoulder (Fig. 1). A routine fecal examination revealed Isospora amphiboluri and flagellates, resulting in the treatment of all 3 bearded dragons with toltrazuril (10 mg/kg orally) a and metronidazole (40 mg/kg orally) b twice within a 2-week interval. The subcutaneous masses were surgically excised in cases 1 and 3, and histological examination of the masses revealed necrotizing and granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis associated with fungal hyphae. Case 1 was treated with itraconazole (5 mg/kg, orally every 48 h) c for 4 months and topical iodine solution, d and skin lesions improved; however, 6 months later, the skin lesions recurred. The condition of cases 1 and 2 deteriorated, and they were euthanized.Postmortem examination revealed granulomatous masses in liver, heart, and lungs in both cases. Case 1 additionally had granulomatous masses with intralesional fungal hyphae in kidneys, tongue, and intestine, as well as in the celomic serosa near the surgical scar at the left shoulder. Large numbers of fungal hyphae could also be seen inside blood vessels of numerous organs. Case 2 additionally had multifocal chronic deep granulomatous dermatitis with necrosis and ulceration 636422V DIXXX10.1177/1040638716636422Dermatomycosis in 3 bearded dragonsSchmidt-Ukaj et al. research-article2016Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses (Schmidt-Ukaj), Institute of Microbiology (Loncaric, Spergser) and Institute of Pathology and Forensic V...

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Section: Dermatomycosis In Three Central Bearded Dragons (Pogona Vittsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora

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“…N. guarroi was described originally from captive green iguanas in Spain and has been isolated repeatedly from pet inland bearded dragons with yellow fungus disease in North America. The infection may have spilled over to green iguanas through the pet trade, as the first case of N. guarroi in green iguanas coincided temporally with the first documented European cases of yellow fungus disease in bearded dragons (8,9). In contrast, a distinct Nannizziopsis species, N. barbata, was recovered from a wild-caught captive coastal bearded dragon (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Infections with the CANV and Chrysosporium species have been documented in lizards, including chameleons (Calumna parsonii, Furcifer lateralis, Trioceros (formerly Chamaeleo) jacksonii (3), inland (Pogona vitticeps) (7)(8)(9) and coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata) (10), green iguanas (Iguana iguana) (11,12), ameivas (Ameiva sp., Ameiva chaitzami) (13,14), day geckos (Phelsuma sp.) (15), sungazers (Cordylus giganteus) (16), brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) (17), leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) (18), terrestrial and aquatic snakes, including brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) (19), a garter snake (Thamnophis sp.)…”

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Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

2013

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In recent years, the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV), Chrysosporium guarroi, Chrysosporium ophiodiicola, and Chrysosporium species have been reported as the causes of dermal or deep lesions in reptiles. These infections are contagious and often fatal and affect both captive and wild animals. Forty-nine CANV isolates from reptiles and six isolates from human sources were compared with N. vriesii based on their cultural characteristics and DNA sequence data. Analyses of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal gene revealed that the reptile pathogens and human isolates belong in well-supported clades corresponding to three lineages that are distinct from all other taxa within the family Onygenaceae of the order Onygenales. One lineage represents the genus Nannizziopsis and comprises N. vriesii, N. guarroi, and six additional species encompassing isolates from chameleons and geckos, crocodiles, agamid and iguanid lizards, and humans. Two other lineages comprise the genus Ophidiomyces, with the species Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola occurring only in snakes, and Paranannizziopsis gen. nov., with three new species infecting squamates and tuataras. The newly described species are Nannizziopsis dermatitidis, Nannizziopsis crocodili, Nannizziopsis barbata, Nannizziopsis infrequens, Nannizziopsis hominis, Nannizziopsis obscura, Paranannizziopsis australasiensis, Paranannizziopsis californiensis, and Paranannizziopsis crustacea. Chrysosporium longisporum has been reclassified as Paranannizziopsis longispora. N. guarroi causes yellow fungus disease, a common infection in bearded dragons and green iguanas, and O. ophiodiicola is an emerging pathogen of captive and wild snakes. Human-associated species were not recovered from reptiles, and reptile-associated species were recovered only from reptiles, thereby mitigating concerns related to zoonosis.

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Bearded Dragons

Kubiak¹

2020

Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine

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Necrotising fungal dermatitis in a group of bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora

Dermatomycosis in three central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) associated with Nannizziopsis chlamydospora

Molecular Characterization of Reptile Pathogens Currently Known as Members of the Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii Complex and Relationship with Some Human-Associated Isolates

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