Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review

Kuwamura, Mitsuru; Adachi, Tomohiko; Yamate, Jyoji; Kotani, Takao; Ohashi, Fumihito; Summers, B. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00014.x

Cited by 42 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Seizure activity is the most commonly reported neurological sign in dogs with NME,5, 11 whereas brainstem signs (along with seizure activity) are more commonly described in dogs with NLE 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. In 2 of 4 dogs, clinical signs reflecting a caudal brainstem component to a multifocal neuroanatomical localization (eg, ataxia and nausea) were observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

Cooper

Schatzberg²,

Vernau

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundCanine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a fatal, noninfectious inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. NME has been reported only in a small number of dog breeds, which has led to the presumption that it is a breed‐restricted disorder.Hypothesis/ObjectivesOur objective was to describe histopathologically confirmed NME in dog breeds in which the condition has not been reported previously and to provide preliminary evidence that NME affects a wider spectrum of dog breeds than previously reported.AnimalsFour dogs with NME.MethodsArchives from 3 institutions and from 1 author's (BS) collection were reviewed to identify histopathologically confirmed cases of NME in breeds in which the disease has not been reported previously. Age, sex, breed, survival from onset of clinical signs, and histopathologic findings were evaluated.ResultsNecrotizing meningoencephalitis was identified in 4 small dog breeds (Papillon, Shih Tzu, Coton de Tulear, and Brussels Griffon). Median age at clinical evaluation was 2.5 years. Histopathologic abnormalities included 2 or more of the following: lymphoplasmacytic or histiocytic meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, moderate‐to‐severe cerebrocortical necrosis, variable involvement of other anatomic locations within the brain (cerebellum, brainstem), and absence of detectable infectious agents.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUntil now, NME has only been described in 5 small dog breeds. We document an additional 4 small breeds previously not shown to develop NME. Our cases further illustrate that NME is not a breed‐restricted disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dogs with signalment and clinical signs consistent with inflammatory brain disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

Cooper

Schatzberg²,

Vernau

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The disease primarily affecting the cerebral hemispheres has been described in Pug, Maltese, and Yorkshire terrier [6][7][8][9][12][13][14]. Even though the cause of this disease is unknown, the brain lesions are quite similar to those of alpha herpes virus meningoencephalitis in human beings [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, recent studies raised the possibility of an immune mediated pathogenesis for NME cases [7,13]. To date standard treatment for NME consists of glucocorticoids given at immunosuppressive doses, which may help reduce inflammatory and immune reactions during initial stage of the disease [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

Jung

Kang

Park

et al. 2007

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Administration of immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticosteroids is the traditional primary treatment in necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) in dogs. However, response is variable and clinical signs often recur quickly with tapering dosage. Prognosis is poor and long-term therapy causes many complications. In the present study, we compared the long-term effects of combination (cyclosporine plus prednisolone) therapy with sole prednisolone therapy in management in dogs with NME. All NME cases in this study were examined with magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and confirmed by histopathologic examination. The mean survival time of combination therapy group was 305.7 ± 94.7 days. The mean survival time of sole prednisolone therapy group was 58.3 ± 30.5 days. This case report demonstrates that combination treatment of cyclosporine with prednisolone is more effective in survival time than administration of only prednisolone in NME cases.

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“…age of dogs at onset of clinical signs range from 6 months to 7 years, with mean age being 2.5 years (Cordy and Holliday, 1989). Necrotising leucoencephalitis occurs in animals aged 4 months to 10 years, with the mean age being 4.5 years (Kuwamura et al, 2002). Female animals are more frequently affected than males (Coates, 2011).…”

Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

Charalambous

Δανουρδησ)²,

Hatzis³

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are common causes of neurological dysfunction in the dog and can be grouped into two broad categories; those of infectious and those of unknown aetiology. Μeningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology include non-infectious inflammatory central nervous system diseases in which abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicate inflammatory central nervous system disease, but for which histopathological confirmation has not been reached. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology describes a group of non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. These include the granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and the necrotising encephalitis, the latter can be further distinguished into two subtypes: necrotising meningoencephalitis and necrotising leucoencephalitis. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis may be also included to this category and, usually, does not present signs of encephalitis or/and myelitis (except in the chronic form) and is easier diagnosed even without histopathological examination. In most cases of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology, a presumptive diagnosis can be achieved by the assessment of case presentation, theneurologic signs, cerebrospinal fluid testing, cross-sectional imaging of the central nervous system and appropriate microbiological tests.Definite diagnosis is achieved with histopathological examination. The underlying cause for these diseases is unknown. The clinical signs in meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology is variable and depends on which area of the central nervous sytem is affected. Meningoencephalomyelitis is acute in onset, progressive in nature and associated with multifocal to diffuse neuroanatomic localization. Extraneural signs are less common and these usually include pyrexia and peripheral neutrophilia. The differential diagnosis for dogs presented for an acute onset of multifocal central nervous system signs includes genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious meningoencephalitis, toxin exposure, stroke and neoplasia.The diagnostic approach includes a complete blood count, a comprehensive chemistry panel, urinalysis, survey radiographs of the thorax plus abdominal ultrasound to rule out systematic disease and metastatic neoplasia, computed-tomography or magnetic reso meningitisnance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and microbiological tests.When neoplasia is suspected, computed-tomography-guided brain biopsy may be required for the differentiation. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology responds more or less to immunosuppressive therapies, but the prognosis should be guarded to poor with the exception of steroid-responsive meningitisarteritis, for which it is good. Treatment protocols are based on prednisolone, but new immunosuppressive agents have now been added in those to control the diseases and they seem to be effective. However, gold standard protocols have yet to be established.

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Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review

Cited by 42 publications

References 9 publications

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

A Comparison of Combination Therapy (Cyclosporine plus Prednisolone) with Sole Prednisolone Therapy in 7 Dogs with Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis

An update on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

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