Neck Rejuvenation—Anatomy and Clinical Correlation

Abstract

The restoration of the aesthetic contour of the neck is a challenging but important component of facial rejuvenation. Numerous techniques have been developed to improve the aesthetic outcome. We plan to give an overview of anatomic principles and their clinical correlation.

Cryolipolysis for the treatment of submental fat: Review of the literature

“…At one time, liposuction and surgery were the only options for removal of submental adipose tissue and are still considered first line for removal of large collections of fat or deeper postplatysmal fat. However, these techniques are fraught with long recovery times, risk of contour irregularities, lax skin, vascular and neurologic compromise, and infections . Therefore, patients often desire minimally invasive or noninvasive options.…”

The development, evidence, and current use of ATX‐101 for the treatment of submental fat

“…Despite numerous advances in noninvasive cosmetics, there are few options with a relative paucity of evidence to re-contour submental fat nonsurgically. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Deoxycholic acid is an endogenous secondary bile acid that normally solubilizes dietary fat, contributing to its breakdown and absorption within the gut. It was originally observed to treat the accumulation of localized fat through adipocytolysis in cell culture.…”

ATX-101 (deoxycholic acid injection) for reduction of submental fat

“…The ideal shape of the youthful female face has been described as an upside-down triangle with a full and wide mid-face narrowing toward the chin [1]. In addition, the shape and contour of the chin and neck play an important role in facial esthetics [2][3][4]. Furthermore, a strong chin has been associated with self-confidence, authority, and trustworthiness [5], whereas submental convexity or fullness can make an individual appear overweight and older.…”

“…Although weight gain secondary to diet and lifestyle can contribute to accumulation of SMF [8,9], aging [8,10,11], and genetics [8,9] play a major role. For some individuals (both males and females), fat deposited in the submental area is disproportionate with their overall fat profile and diet and exercise are not sufficient to reduce SMF in these individuals [3,9]. According to data from a blinded online consumer survey conducted by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery in 2015, 67% of the 7315 respondents indicated that they were somewhat to extremely bothered by excess fat under their chin/neck [12].…”