Necessary Existence and Necessary Mercy: Ibn ‘Arabī’s Reformulation of Ibn Sīnā’s Ontological Proof

Abstract

Abū ‘Alī ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1027) is regarded as the most influential philosopher in Islamic intellectual history. Of his numerous contributions, none has garnered more attention than his ontological proof for the existence of God, known as ‘the Demonstration of the Truthful’ (Burhān al-ṣiddiqīn). In this proof, Ibn Sīnā argues that only one being can be ‘necessarily existent’ (wājib al-wujūd). He goes on to say that all the attributes of God mentioned in the Qur’an are derived from this primary attribute of necessity. The influential mystic, Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn ‘Arabī (d. 638/1240), is clearly influenced by this proof, but he reformulates it to suggest that the primary attribute of God is mercy rather than existence. However, this is not the type of mercy that entails forgiveness or the bestowal of favors; rather, it is a necessary mercy that brings everything into existence. All of God’s other attributes flow from this primary one of necessary mercy in the same way as all of God’s attributes flow from His necessary existence for Ibn Sīnā.

Ibn ‘Arabī and the Theologization of Aristotelian Hylomorphism

“…430). Ibn 'Arabī explains that the breath of the Compassionate brings forth the cloud because it is the first recipient of the mercy of existentiation, or the love that God had to see Himself in something other than Himself (Nettler 1978;Murata 1992;Lala and Alwazzan 2023a). The basis of this is the prophetic tradition in which God declares His 'yearning' to be known as He is a 'hidden treasure' (kanz makhfiyy).…”