Near‐source seismic hazard and design scenarios

Abstract

Earthquakes damage engineering structures near, relatively to the rupture's size, to the source. In this region, the fault's dynamics affect ground motion propagation differently from site to site, resulting in systematic spatial variability known as directivity. Although a number of researches recommend that records with directivity-related velocity pulses should be explicitly taken into account when defining design seismic action on structures, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), in its standard version, seems inadequate for the scope. In the study, it is critically reviewed why, from the structural engineering point of view, hazard assessment should account for near-source effects (i.e., pulse-like ground motions), and how this can be carried out adjusting PSHA analytically via introduction of specific terms and empirically calibrated models. Disaggregation analysis and design scenarios for near-source PSHA are also formulated. The analytical procedures are then applied to develop examples of hazard estimates for sites close to strike–slip or dip–slip faults and to address differences with respect to the ordinary case, that is, when pulse-like effects are not explicitly accounted for. Significant increase of hazard for selected spectral ordinates is found in all investigated cases; increments depend on the fault-site configuration. Moreover, to address design scenarios for seismic actions on structures, disaggregation results are also discussed, along with limitations of current design spectra to highlight the pulse-like effects of structural interest. Finally, an attempt to overcome these, by means of disaggregation-based scenarios specific for the pulse occurrence case, is presented

Collapse risk and residual drift performance of steel buildings using post-tensioned MRFs and viscous dampers in near-fault regions

“…More details for the NS-PSHA calculations adopted herein, including the GMPE modification to account for the 'bump' of spectral ordinates around the pulse period, can be found in Chioccarelli and Iervolino (2013).…”

Near -Source Pulse-Like Seismic Demand for Multi-Linear Backbone Oscillators

“…NS hazard at the site expressed in terms of spectral acceleration at the oscillator's period was disaggregated for various values of chosen to translate into reduction factors . Thus, the conditional probability density functions of pulse period are obtained at each stripe of reduction factor (the interested reader is referred to [18] and [19] for a detailed treatment of the methodology involved in these NS probabilistic seismic hazard analysis calculations).…”

Collapse Risk Evaluation of Self-Centering Steel MRFS With Viscous Dampers in Near-Fault Regions

“…Different IM are used in these equations (in this work S a (T 1 ) is adopted). PSHA has been recently modified to account for near source conditions, i.e., Near-source Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (NS-PSHA); more details, including implementation and applications, can be found in [2,[45][46][47][48][49]. According to this methodology, Equation (4) is adjusted to account for potential near-source directivity by an additional term, Z, which defines the site-to-source geometry: …”

“…More details for the NS-PSHA calculation used here, including the GMPE modification to account for the 'bump' of spectral ordinates around the pulse period, can be found in [48].…”