Near-source grid-based measurement of CO and PM2.5 concentration during a full-scale fire experiment in southern European shrubland

Amorim, Jorge Humberto; Valente, Joana; Cascão, P.; Ribeiro, Luís Mário; Viegas, Domingos X.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Miranda, Ana Isabel

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.017

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The data used in this study were collected in 2015 and 2019, in the region of Gestosa, central Portugal, during experimental fires. The slope and vegetation of the different burnt fields presented the ideal conditions for this purpose [ 8 , 12 , 13 , 24 ]. A characterization of the experimental fields can be found in [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides smoke inhalation, FFs face other hazards including extreme fire behaviour, heat, stress, fatigue, high temperatures, and reduced visibility [ 8 ]. Faint or disorientation episodes, due to smoke inhalation or impaired visibility conditions, are common in firefighting operations [ 8 , 12 , 13 ]. Moreover, FFs perform heavily physical work [ 14 ], and are exposed to long periods of stress during their fighting activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results from [20] indicate that the most stressful FF tasks might be differentiated by the morphological measures over the electrocardiogram (ECG), namely the most stressful (e.g., car accidents, fires) and the least stressful (administrative services). Taking into consideration that CO is considered one of the air pollutants with a strong impact on the safety of the FF in the terrain [5,13], we worked on estimating CO inhalation with derived respiration through ECG and with the detection of changes in the heart rate (HR) of FFs related with alterations in CO exposure [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Critical Levels of CO Exposure of Firefigthers through Monitored Heart Rate

Sebastião

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Fernandes

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Smoke inhalation poses a serious health threat to firefighters (FFs), with potential effects including respiratory and cardiac disorders. In this work, environmental and physiological data were collected from FFs, during experimental fires performed in 2015 and 2019. Extending a previous work, which allowed us to conclude that changes in heart rate (HR) were associated with alterations in the inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO), we performed a HR analysis according to different levels of CO exposure during firefighting based on data collected from three FFs. Based on HR collected and on CO occupational exposure standards (OES), we propose a classifier to identify CO exposure levels through the HR measured values. An ensemble of 100 bagged classification trees was used and the classification of CO levels obtained an overall accuracy of 91.9%. The classification can be performed in real-time and can be embedded in a decision fire-fighting support system. This classification of FF’ exposure to critical CO levels, through minimally-invasive monitored HR, opens the possibility to identify hazardous situations, preventing and avoiding possible severe problems in FF’ health due to inhaled pollutants. The obtained results also show the importance of future studies on the relevance and influence of the exposure and inhalation of pollutants on the FF’ health, especially in what refers to hazardous levels of toxic air pollutants.

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