Near Infrared Spectroscopy as an Emerging Tool for Forensic Entomotoxicology

The Effect of Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol®) on the Development of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and its Implications for Forensic Entomology

“…The toxicological analysis can also be make using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIR) that can be utilized to determine the insect metabolic fingerprint (lipids proteins, cellular processes), emerging as an interesting alternative for a rapid and cost‐effective identification of living specimens. NIR is emerging as the tool of choice for nondestructive analysis and the detection of different compounds in biological systems .…”

Applications of forensic entomology: overview and update

“…spektroskopię bliskiej podczerwieni, spektroskopię osłabionego całkowitego odbicia w podczerwieni i spektroskopię w podczerwieni z transformatą Fouriera, jako szybkie, nieniszczące i ekonomiczne techniki analizy, które wymagają minimalnego przygotowania próbek. Można je wykorzystać do identyfikacji metabolicznej (białek, lipidów, procesów komórkowych) owadów, co z kolei ułatwia różnicowanie międzygatunkowe, ponieważ oskórek przedstawicieli poszczególnych gatunków ma unikatowy skład chemiczny związany ze spektrum absorpcji [102]. Metody te mogą być równie swoiste jak barcoding, a przy tym eliminują konieczność stosowania kosztownych i czasochłonnych technik na bazie DNA [103].…”

“…Recently, it is claimed that vibrational spectroscopies such as near infra-red (NIR), attenuated total reflection (ATR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) are rapid, non-destructive and cost effective techniques which require minimal sample preparation. They can be used to determine the metabolic identity (proteins, lipids, cellular processes) of the insect which in turn help in differentiation between species because the cuticle of each species may have a unique chemical composition because of their particular absorption spectrums [102]. Thus, it can be as specific as barcoding, without the need for expensive and time-consuming DNA techniques [103].…”

Identification Using Classification Analysis of Flunitrazepam in Necrophagous Larvae via Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) Spectroscopy

“…The 2D-LDA algorithm is an adaptation of LDA to three-way data. The classification of a test sample is based on assigning its feature matrix Y test to the class p* with the smallest average distance: 39 (11) in which is the average distance between the test sample and the N p training samples of class C p can be calculated by: (12) where is the Euclidian distance between Y test and the feature vector Y k of samples in the training set. The feature vector Y of each sample is calculated for a given data matrix X as:…”

“…1,8,10 However, forensic toxicology analysis requires simpler and faster methods for the screening of chemical substances that aid in the elucidation of crimes, 10 for example, using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy 11 or near infrared spectroscopy. 12 Electrochemical techniques are powerful and versatile analytical tools that offer high sensitivity, precision, with a large linear dynamic range and low-cost instrumentation. The development of more sensitive electrochemical techniques allows its application in the detection of chemical substances such as drugs, both in its crude form and added to biological samples.…”