Near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative quick method for simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in whey protein-based sports supplement

Lukacs, Matyas; Bázár, George; Pollner, Bernhard; Henn, Raphael; Kirchler, Christian G.; Huck, Christian W.; Kovács, Zoltán

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.004

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In the dairy industry, it has been used to detect plant proteins in skimmed milk [14], melamine adulteration in milk [15], predict urea in milk [16], and predict diverse adulterants in cereal products [17]. The technique was recently used to quantify and predict urea, L-taurine, L-histidine in whey protein powder [18]. It was used to quantify melamine in infant formula sample from different stores [19] and in protein powders [20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag

et al. 2020

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Nitrogen-rich adulterants in protein powders present sensitivity challenges to conventional combustion methods of protein determination which can be overcome by near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a rapid analytical method with high sensitivity and non-invasive advantages. This study developed robust models using benchtop and handheld spectrometers to predict low concentrations of urea, glycine, taurine, and melamine in whey protein powder (WPP). Effectiveness of scanning samples through optical glass and polyethylene bags was also tested for the handheld NIRS. WPP was adulterated up to six concentration levels from 0.5% to 3% w/w. The two spectrometers were used to obtain three datasets of 819 diffuse reflectance spectra each that were pretreated before linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and regression (PLSR). Pretreatment was effective and revealed important absorption bands that could be correlated with the chemical properties of the mixtures. Benchtop NIR spectrometer showed the best results in LDA and PLSR but handheld NIR spectrometers showed comparatively good results. There were high prediction accuracies and low errors attesting to the robustness of the developed PLSR models using independent test set validation. Both the plastic bag and optical glass gave good results with accuracies depending on the adulterant of interest and can be used for field applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag

et al. 2020

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“…As well as distinguishing elderberry genotypes based on fruit quality [ 10 ]. NIR spectroscopy is a very powerful tool for analysis of fruits and vegetables and related food products [ 11 , 12 ]. Our study is the first that describes a NIR spectroscopy technique for the determination of TAC in elderberry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Rapid Screening Method for the Determination of Total Anthocyanin Content in Sambucus Fructus

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Beganović

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L., fructus) is a very potent herbal drug, deriving from traditional European medicine (TEM). Ripe elderberries are rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, flavonol esters, flavonol glycosides, lectins, essential oils, unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins. Nevertheless, unripe elderflower fruits contain a certain amount of sambunigrin, a toxic cyanogenic glycoside, whose concentration decreases in the ripening process. Therefore, quality assurance must be carried out. The standard method described in literature is the photometric determination (pH-differential method) of the total anthocyanin content (TAC) that is the highest when the berries are ripe. The drawback of the pH-differential method is the extensive sample preparation and the low accuracy of the method. Therefore, the goal of this publication was to develop a fast non invasive near-infrared (NIR) method for the determination of TAC in whole berries. TAC of elderberries was measured using pH-differentiation method where TAC values of 632.87 mg/kg to 4342.01 mg/kg were measured. Additionally, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside which represent more than 98% of TAC in elderberry were quantified using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-multiple wavelength detection—ultra high resolution-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MWD-UHR-Q-TOF-MS) and their sum parameter was determined, ranging between 499.43 mg/kg and 8199.07 mg/kg. Using those two methods as reference, whole elderberries were investigated by NIR spectroscopy with the Büchi NIRFlex N-500 benchtop spectrometer. According to the constructed partial least squares regression (PLSR) models the performance was as follows: a relative standard deviation (RSDPLSR) of 13.5% and root mean square error of calibration (RMSECV/RMSEC) of 1.31 for pH-differentiation reference and a RSDPLSR of 12.9% and RMSECV/RMSEC of 1.28 for the HPLC reference method. In this study, we confirm that it is possible to perform a NIR screening for TAC in whole elderberries. Using quantum chemical calculations, we obtained detailed NIR band assignments of the analyzed compounds and interpreted the wavenumber regions established in PLSR models as meaningful for anthocyanin content. The NIR measurement turned out to be a fast and cost-efficient alternative for the determination of TAC compared to pH-differential method and UHPLC-MWD-UHR-Q-TOF-MS. Due to the benefit of no sample preparation and extraction the technology can be considered as sustainable green technology. With the above mentioned inversely proportional ratio of TAC to total amount of toxic cyanogenic glycosides, NIR proves to be a reliable screening method for the ideal harvest time with maximal content of TAC and lowest content of cyanogenic glycosides in elderberry.

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“…A total of 32 samples (30 adulterated, 2 pure WPC) were prepared according to the Matyas Lukacs method [27] and two copies of each sample were prepared. All substances were powder with uniform particles except for taurine, which was ground before being added to the WPC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Detection of Adulterants in Whey Protein Supplement by Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis

et al. 2019

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The growing demand for whey protein supplements has made them the target of adulteration with cheap substances. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics was proposed to simultaneously detect and quantify three common adulterants (creatine, l-glutamine and taurine) in whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder. Soft independent modeling class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built based on two spectral regions (400–1800 cm−1 and 500–1100 cm−1) to classify different types of adulterated samples. The most effective was the SIMCA model in 500–1100 cm−1 with an accuracy of 96.9% and an error rate of 5%. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for each adulterant were developed using two different Raman spectral ranges (400–1800 cm−1 and selected specific region) and data pretreatment methods. The determination coefficients (R2) of all models were higher than 0.96. PLSR models based on typical Raman regions (500–1100 cm−1 for creatine and taurine, the combination of range 800–1000 cm−1 and 1300–1500 cm−1 for glutamine) were superior to models in the full spectrum. The lowest root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.21%, 0.33%, 0.42% for creatine, taurine and glutamine, and the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for them were 0.53%, 0.71% and 1.13%, respectively. This proves that Raman spectroscopy with the help of multivariate approaches is a powerful method to detect adulterants in WPC.

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Near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative quick method for simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in whey protein-based sports supplement

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag

Detecting Low Concentrations of Nitrogen-Based Adulterants in Whey Protein Powder Using Benchtop and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and the Feasibility of Scanning through Plastic Bag

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Rapid Screening Method for the Determination of Total Anthocyanin Content in Sambucus Fructus

Rapid Detection of Adulterants in Whey Protein Supplement by Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis

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