Near-Infrared, Light-Triggered, On-Demand Anti-Inflammatories and Antibiotics Release by Graphene Oxide/Elecrospun PCL Patch for Wound Healing

Abstract

Very recently, significant attention has been focused on the adsorption and cell adhesion properties of graphene oxide (GO), because it is expected to allow high drug loading and controlled drug release, as well as the promotion of cell adhesion and proliferation. This is particularly interesting in the promotion of wound healing, where antibiotics and anti-inflammatories should be locally released for a prolonged time to allow fibroblast proliferation. Here, we designed an implantable patch consisting of poly(caprolactone) electrospun covered with GO, henceforth named GO-PCL, endowed with high ibuprofen (5.85 mg cm −2 ), ketoprofen (0.86 mg cm −2 ), and vancomycin (0.95 mg cm −2 ) loading, used as anti-inflammatory and antibiotic models respectively, and capable of responding to near infrared (NIR)-light stimuli in order to promptly release the payload on-demand beyond three days. Furthermore, we demonstrated the GO is able to promote fibroblast adhesion, a key characteristic to potentially provide wound healing in vivo.supposed to be biocompatible, preserve water content in order to prevent dehydration, and permit oxygenation of the growing tissue without interfering with the wound healing [4,5]. Furthermore, it should display a degradation kinetic comparable to the rate of tissue growth, thus promoting a rapid healing process while it degrades [6].Taking this in mind, engineered polymeric scaffolds have been recently developed to create three-dimensional architecture that can mimic the ECM and allow in situ tissue regeneration. In particular, electrospun patches with micro and nanofiber architectures obtained by electrospinning of polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(caprolactone) (PCL), yield to scaffolds able to mimic the natural collagen fibers in ECM [2,7]. Because of the crucial role of collagen fibers in maintaining the integrity of skin, electrospun polymeric patches are attracting biomimetic materials potentially able to provide wound healing in vivo [2,6]. Additionally, electrospinning is a mild technique that allows loading of bioactive molecules, such as antibiotics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, to equip the final patch with additional pharmacological effects useful to maintain a suitable environment for skin regeneration [8,9]. Moreover, materials able to release their cargo on-demand have attracted interest from scientists, so as to keep the wound healing processes for a prolonged time and only if required. Thus, plenty of on-demand release biomaterials were prepared involving different mechanisms to trigger drug release, such as stimulus-sensitive hydrogels and polymeric drug loaded nanosponges [10][11][12]. However, a multiple drug loaded and bioresorbable patch that possesses on-demand antibiosis and anti-inflammatory abilities still has not been achieved, which would have great potential in skin regeneration applications.Herein, to address this issue, we report on an effective and industrially scalable approach to obtain a composite highly biodegradable patch with near...

A 2D nanotheranostic platform based on graphene oxide and phase-change materials for bimodal CT/MR imaging, NIR-activated drug release, and synergistic thermo-chemotherapy

“…Graphene-based smart platforms have now become available to perform stimuli-responsive treatment combinations in a synergistic fashion 25 - 29 . This includes controlled release of therapeutic agents in response to either endogenous (e.g., pH 30 , glutathione 31 , and enzyme 32 ) or exogenous (e.g., light 33 , magnetic field 34 , and ultrasound 1 ) stimuli. In contrast to endogenous stimuli that are difficult to control and have large variations between individuals, exogenous stimuli offer a better means to control on-demand drug release.…”

Functionalization of Metal and Carbon Nanoparticles with Potential in Cancer Theranostics

“…The potential of this multimodal approach is manifold as it offers to simultaneously achieve efficient treatments with an immediate imaging feedback, opening the way to the implementation of highly targeted and innovative patient-tailored therapies that can be customized according to the individual therapeutic response [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. To fulfill this purpose, several theranostic materials were explored to date, including metallic nanoparticles (e.g., silver, zinc, gold and iron oxide nanoparticles) [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], carbon nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodots and graphene) [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], rare-earth elements-based structures [ 26 , 27 ] and polymeric assemblies [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Even though unified by the same goal, theranostic nanomaterials can avail of different features that are direct effects of their physical–chemical, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties, as well as the result of the accurate design of the intelligent nanodevice ( Figure 1 ).…”

Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibrous Scaffolds of Ag/Vanadate Hydroxyapatite Encapsulated into Polycaprolactone: Morphology, Mechanical, and In Vitro Cells Adhesion

“…Skin tissues possess an ability to be self-integrated [9][10][11][12]; however, a bacterial attack may retard this process [13][14][15][16]. Thus, the germicidal potential of biocomposites utilized in wound healing applications is a must [17][18][19]. Biomaterials should possess surface morphology that offers both chemical and physical adhesion with surrounding tissues, as well as ionic species release to accelerate pathogen mortality [9,12,20].…”