Near-Infrared Ink Differentiation in Medieval Manuscripts

Abstract

One of the tasks facing historians and preservationists is the authentication or dating of medieval manuscripts. To this end it is important to verify whether writings on the same or different manuscripts are concurrent. We propose a novel approach for the automated image-based differentiation of inks used in medieval manuscripts. We consider the problem of capturing images of manuscript pages in near-infrared (NIR) spectrum and compare the ink appearance and textural features of segmented text. We present feature descriptors that capture the variability of the visual properties of the inks in NIR based on intensity distributions of histograms and co-occurrence matrices. Our approach is novel as it is entirely image based and does not include the spectrum analysis of the inks. The method is validated by using model ink images manufactured based on known recipes and ink segmented from medieval manuscripts dated from the 11th to the 16th century. Model inks are classified by using both supervised and unsupervised clustering. Comparison of inks of unknown composition is achieved through unsupervised multi-dimensional clustering of the feature descriptors and similarity measures of derived probability density functions.

Fractal algorithms and RGB image processing in scribal and ink identification on an 1819 secret initiation manuscript to the “Philike Hetaereia”

“…In general, several efforts for ink differentiation and classification in old manuscripts applying spectroscopic and algorithmic approaches have been reported and this is an ongoing field of research [64][65][66] . Similarly, some spectroscopic, chemometrics and algorithmic methods have been developed to spectrally characterize paper pulp (handmade or industrial) [67][68][69][70][71] .…”