Leakage from cementitious structures with a retaining
function
can have devastating environmental consequences. Leaks can originate
from cracks within the hardened cementitious material that is supposed
to seal the structure off from the surrounding environment. Bioactive
self-healing concretes containing bacteria capable of microbially
inducing CaCO3 precipitation have been suggested to mitigate
the healing of such cracks before leaking occurs. An important parameter
determining the biocompatibility of concretes and cements is the pH
environment. Therefore, a novel ratiometric pH optode imaging system
based on an inexpensive single-lens reflex (SLR) camera was used to
characterize the pH of porewater within cracks of submerged hydrated
oil and gas well cement. This enabled the imaging of pH with a spatial
distribution in high resolution (50 μm per pixel) and a gradient
of 1.4 pH units per 1 mm. The effect of fly ash substitution and hydration
time on the pH of the cement surface was evaluated by this approach.
The results show that pH is significantly reduced from pH >11 to
below
10 with increasing fly ash content as well as hydration time. The
assessment of bioactivity in the cement was evaluated by introducing
superabsorbent polymers with encapsulated Bacillus
alkalinitrilicus endospores into the cracks. The bacterial
activity was measured using oxygen optodes, which showed the highest
bacterial activity with increasing amounts of fly ash substitution
in the cement, correlating with the decrease in the pH. Overall, our
results demonstrate that the pH of well cements can be reliably measured
and modified to sustain the microbial activity.