This chapter discusses the principles and applications of near-field optics where a near-field geometry is utilized to confine light on nanometer scale. These principles form the basis of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), which provides a resolution of Յ 100 nm, significantly better than the diffraction limit imposed on far-field microscopy. NSOM is emerging as a powerful technique for studying optical interactions in nanodomains as well as for nanoscopic imaging. The applications of NSOM have ranged from single-molecule detection to bioimaging of viruses and bacteria. Bioimaging using NSOM is described separately in Chapter 13.After a general description of near-field optics in Section 3.1, theoretical modeling of near-field nanoscopic interactions is presented in Section 3.2. Readers less theoretically inclined may skip this section. Section 3.3 presents various approaches used for near-field microscopy. Some illustrative examples of optical interactions and dynamics utilizing NSOM are presented in various sections. Section 3.4 discusses spectroscopy of quantum dots and single molecules, as well as studies of nonlinear optical processes in nanoscopic domains. Section 3.5 introduces apertureless NSOM that utilizes a metallic tip to enhance the local field. Applications of this approach are peresented. Section 3.6 discusses enhancement of optical interactions using a surface plasmon geometry incorporated in an NSOM assembly. Section 3.7 describes time-and space-resolved studies of nanoscale dynamics.Section 3.8 lists some of the commercial manufacturers of near-field microscopes. Section 3.9 provides highlights of the chapter.For further reading, the following books and reviews are recommended: