Near-field, broadband optical spectroscopy of metamaterials

Bakker, Reuben M.; Drachev, Vladimir P.; Yuan, Hsiao-Kuan; Shalaev, Vladimir M.

doi:10.1016/j.physb.2006.12.045

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We have demonstrated in our prior work that atoms contained in a vapor cell can be used for a practical and portable microwave (MW) electric-field standard using Rydberg atom electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [2,3]. The accurate measurement of MW electricfield strength and polarization can advance applications such as MW device design and materials characterization [4-9], including metamaterials [10][11][12].To our knowledge, no other work exists on imaging MW electric fields with atoms in vapor cells. Even in the field of magnetometry, where vapor cell magnetometers have played a central part [13], absorption imaging for vapor cell MW magnetometry has only been recently reported [14,15].…”

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Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using Rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells

et al. 2014

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We have recently shown that Alkali atoms contained in a vapor cell can serve as a highly accurate standard for microwave electric field strength as well as polarization using the principles of Rydberg atom electromagnetically induced transparency. Here, we show, for the first time, that Rydberg atom electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to image microwave electric fields with unprecedented precision. The spatial resolution of the method is far into the sub-wavelength regime. The electric field resolutions are similar to those we have demonstrated in our prior experiments. Our experimental results agree with finite element calculations of test electric field patterns.Atomic standards are important because they enable stable and uniform measurements and often link physical quantities to each other via universal constants [1]. We have demonstrated in our prior work that atoms contained in a vapor cell can be used for a practical and, in principle, portable microwave (MW) electric field standard using Rydberg atom electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [2, 3]. The accurate measurement of MW electric field strength and polarization can lead to advances in applications such as antenna design, device development, characterization of electro-magnetic interference, advanced radar applications and materials characterization [4-9], including metamaterials [10][11][12].To our knowledge, no other work exists on imaging MW electric fields with atoms in vapor cells. Even in the field of magnetometry, where vapor cell magnetometers have played a central part [13], absorption imaging for vapor cell MW magnetometry has only been recently reported [14, 15]. Many of the technical issues of imaging a MW magnetic field as opposed to an electric field with a vapor cell are different. Knowledge of both fields is important. Despite the rather straightforward connection between the electric and magnetic fields in free space, there is not always a simple relation between them in the near field. The absolute measurement of MW electric fields at sub-wavelength resolutions and in the near field is necessary for many MW applications.To meet the need for sub-wavelength imaging of MW electric fields, we demonstrate a scheme for subwavelength MW electrometry using Rydberg atom EIT [16, 17] in Cesium (Cs) atomic vapor cells at room temperature. In contrast to scanning probe technology [18, 19], our approach avoids cryogenics and eliminates the presence of conducting materials near the sample, therefore minimizing field disturbances. We achieve a 2-dimensional spatial resolution of ∼ λ MW /650, ∼ 66 µm at ∼ 6.9 GHz, using a test MW electric field in the form of a standing wave and image the MW electric field di- * Corresponding author: shaffer@nhn.ou.edu rectly above a co-planar waveguide (CPW) to demonstrate near field imaging. The electric field resolution is ∼ 50 µV cm −1 limited by our detection setup. The measurements are compatible with our prior work where we attained a minimum detectable electric field amplitude of ...

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Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using Rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells

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“…It has been shown that such super-continuum sources can be coupled readily to near-field optical fiber probes and this opens numerous possibilities for white light imaging with near-field optical spatial resolution [37].…”

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The optical near-field: super-resolution imaging with structural and phase correlation

et al. 2014

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An overview of near-field optics is presented with a focus on the fundamental advances that have been made in the field since its inception 30 years ago. A focus is placed on the advancements that have been achieved in instrumentation. These advances have led to a greater generality of use with ultra-low mechanical and optical noise and the ultimate in force sensitivity with near-field optical probes. An emphasis is placed on the importance of fully integrating near-field optics with other imaging and spectroscopic modalities including Raman spectroscopy and electron/ion beam imaging. Important directions in probe design, force feedback methods and scanner flexibility are described. These developing avenues provide considerable optimism for an ever increasing incorporation of near-field optics to help resolve critical problems in fundamental and applied science.

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“…Metamaterial structures are noticed for field enhancement in different forms for THz and optic applications [31,32]. By Bakker et al [33] metamaterial is reported the implementation for Near-field and broadband optical spectroscopy. Here assume I, U and E shape as metamaterial and nano-antenna for our studies and their effect on E-field have been noticed.…”

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Nanoscale plasmonic antenna difference formation implementation effect on field enhancement

Zarrabi

Mansouri

Ahmadian

et al. 2015

Optik

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Near-field, broadband optical spectroscopy of metamaterials

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using Rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells

Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using Rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells

The optical near-field: super-resolution imaging with structural and phase correlation

Nanoscale plasmonic antenna difference formation implementation effect on field enhancement

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