Near eastern alloying and some textual evidence for the early use of arsenical copper

Eaton, Ethel R.; McKerrell, Hugh

doi:10.1080/00438243.1976.9979662

Cited by 48 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…About half of the objects were analysed chemically and showed between 1.5 and 8 wt.% As in the bulk, however, very few underwent microstructural analysis for confirmation. A thorough study of these objects is necessary to determine the cause of surface enrichment, which can include one or more of the following processes: inverse segregation (Meeks, 1993); cementation (Thornton et al, 2009;Smith, 1973;Eaton. and McKerrell, 1976); or (intentionally initiated) corrosion (Northover, 1989, 104;Budd, 1991a;1991b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-evaluation of inverse segregation in prehistoric As-Cu objects

Mödlinger¹,

Sabatini²

2016

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re-evaluation of inverse segregation in prehistoric As-Cu objects

Mödlinger¹,

Sabatini²

2016

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…his composition is very clean with traces of Sn, Fe and Ag. his level of As suggests intentional alloying, and although there are discussions as to the limit of As concentration that would signify this intention, a value of 1% is commonly considered the lower limit (Budd, 1992;Charles, 1967;Eaton and McKerrell, 1977;Northover, 1989;Zwicker, 1991). In fact, several of these artifacts are so similar in terms of the chemistries that they could be from the same ore source.…”

Section: Finished Copper Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maya Metallurgical Technology in Late Postclassic-Spanish Colonial Times: The View from Lamanai, Belize

Simmons¹,

Shugar²

2013

archeosciences

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Abstract:Recent archaeometallurgical studies at the ancient Maya site of Lamanai, Belize have begun to reveal the nature of copper metallurgy in the centuries just prior to and during Spanish contact in the Southern Maya Lowland Area. More copper artifacts have been recovered from controlled archaeological excavations at Lamanai than at any other site in the Southern Maya Lowland area. A total of 187 copper objects dating to the 12th through 16th centuries AD have been recovered; among these objects are ingots or pigs, blanks, prills and a substantial number of mis-cast objects, many of which are bells. he archaeological contexts in which copper bells, axes, needles, ish hooks, rings, and clothing ornaments have been recovered will be summarised. Forming technologies used in the creation of Maya copper artifacts as well as their chemical compositions were studied using scanning electron microscopy and optical light microscopy. he results of chemical compositional and microstructural analyses will be presented and discussed in the contexts of larger social and economic spheres that were part of the Maya world just before and during Spanish contact in Belize. Résumé : De récentes études concernant l'archéométallurgie sur l'ancien site maya de Lamanai, Belize ont permis de révéler la nature de la métallurgie du cuivre des siècles avant et pendant la période de contact espagnol dans la zone sud des basses terres mayas. Le nombre d'artéfacts en cuivre découverts lors de fouilles archéologiques contrôlées à Lamanai dépasse tout ce qui a été mis au jour dans les autres sites localisés dans la même région. Un total de 187 objets en cuivre datant des

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“…Chemical and lead isotopic ratios of the analysed samples are listed in Table 1. Although 1 wt% has been proposed as a potentially more meaningful cutoff value for the classification of archaeological copper alloys (Eaton and McKerrell 1976;Northover 1989;Bray et al 2015;Pollard et al 2015), this paper follows the conventional threshold of 2 wt%, which has been widely adopted for Chinese materials to avoid confusion in comparing our results with published data (Wen 1980). According to this criterion, the 24 objects sampled with metal pieces can be divided into two groups, namely unalloyed copper (Cu, 18) and tin bronze (Cu-Sn, 6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Copper metallurgy in prehistoric upper Ili Valley, Xinjiang, China

Wang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The upper Ili Valley in northwest Xinjiang is a crucial place for the study of early interactions between the Eurasian Steppe and northern China. This paper presents scientific analytical results and examines the use and production of copper alloys in the region with regard to the transregional exchange of materials and technology. The substantial proportion of unalloyed copper and clear drop in tin concentrations in the bronze samples from the Iron Age indicates the decrease of tin usage compared with the Bronze Age. The shift between the Bronze and Iron Ages can also be seen from the lead isotope results. The changes of the material (alloys) and metal source(s) between the Bronze and Iron Ages in the upper Ili Valley imply movements of objects, raw materials and related technical practises.

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Near eastern alloying and some textual evidence for the early use of arsenical copper

Cited by 48 publications

References 16 publications

A Re-evaluation of inverse segregation in prehistoric As-Cu objects

A Re-evaluation of inverse segregation in prehistoric As-Cu objects

Maya Metallurgical Technology in Late Postclassic-Spanish Colonial Times: The View from Lamanai, Belize

Copper metallurgy in prehistoric upper Ili Valley, Xinjiang, China

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