NDSP 05: Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub analysis from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016–2017

Abstract

Objectives Dyslipidemia is a major risk issue for the development of cardiovascular disease. The aim of our study was to observe the pattern and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Pakistani population. Methodology This is a sub analysis of a population based second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016-2017 in adults aged 20 years or above, carried out from February 2016 to August 2017 across Pakistan. Multi stage sampling technique was used for the stratification of population, based on rural and urban domains. District wise clusters and sub clusters were selected i.e. 27 and 46 in number. Subjects, consented to participate were requested to come after an overnight fast for anthropometric measurements, oral glucose tolerance test and fasting lipid profile (except for subjects with self-reported diabetes). Dyslipidemia was identified using Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Results A total of 10,834 subjects (43.8% male and 56.2% female) having mean age of 43.8 ± 14.0 years, participated in the survey. Of the subjects studied, 39.3% had hypercholesterolemia, 48.9% had hypertriglyceridemia, 39.7% had high LDL-C levels while 83.9% men and 90% women had low HDL levels. High cholesterol and triglyceride levels were highest in 50-59 years age group, while high LDL and low HDL was most common in 40-49 years age group. Diabetes, obesity and hypertension were found to be the significant determinants for dyslipidemia. Conclusion Prevalence of dyslipidemia seems to be very high in Pakistan, necessitating an urgent call for early screening and effective management through lifestyle intervention and appropriate lipid lowering drugs to prevent this important cardiovascular risk factor.

National high prevalence, and low awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidaemia among people aged 15–69 years in Mongolia in 2019

“…The study presents novel national data on the prevalence and distribution of dyslipidaemia in people 15 years and older in Mongolia in 2019. The proportion of dyslipidaemia in Mongolia (58.6%) was higher than in China (> 18 years, 34.0%) 6 , lower than in Northern Ethiopia (≥ 20 years, 66.7%) 2 , lower than in Turkey (≥ 20 years, ≥ 79%) 8 , and Pakistan (≥ 20 years, 96%) 9 . The prevalence of high TC (26.9%) in this study was higher than in the 35 LMIC study (≥ 15 years, 7.1%) 5 , lower than in Northern Ethiopia (≥ 20 years, 30.8%) 2 , in Jordan (≥ 25 years, 44.3%) 7 , in Turkey (≥ 20 years, 43%) and Pakistan (≥ 20 years, 39.3%) 9 .…”

“…In China (> 18 years), the prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 34.0% 6 , and 31.0% were aware, 19.5% in treatment and 8.9% were controlled 6 . In northern Ethiopia (≥ 20 years), the prevalence of dyslipidaemia was 66.7%, elevated TC 30.8%, elevated TG 40.2%, low HDL-C 16.5%, and high LDL-C 49.5% 2 , in Jordan (≥ 25 years) the prevalence of elevated TC was 44.3%, high TC 41.9%, and low HDL-C 59.5% 7 , in Turkey (≥ 20 years), high LDL-C was 36.2%, high TG 35.7%, low HDL-C 41.5%, and high TC was 43%, and dyslipidaemia (at least one abnormal lipid value) ≥ 79% 8 , and in Pakistan (≥ 20 years) high TC 39.3%, high TG 48.9%, high LDL-C 39.7% 9 .…”

“…Factors associated with high TC include older age 14 , female sex 14 , lower education 9 , 14 , 15 , hypertension 7 , 9 , 12 , diabetes 7 , 9 , 12 , 14 , obesity 7 , 9 , and smoking 9 . Factors associated with high LDL-C include increasing age 14 , female sex, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity 9 .…”

“…Factors associated with high TC include older age 14 , female sex 14 , lower education 9 , 14 , 15 , hypertension 7 , 9 , 12 , diabetes 7 , 9 , 12 , 14 , obesity 7 , 9 , and smoking 9 . Factors associated with high LDL-C include increasing age 14 , female sex, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity 9 . Factors associated with low HDL-C include, decreasing age 14 , female sex 9 , male sex 14 , higher education 14 , hypertension 7 , diabetes 7 , 9 , 14 , and obesity 7 , 9 , 14 cigarette smoking 14 , 16 .…”

“…Factors associated with high LDL-C include increasing age 14 , female sex, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity 9 . Factors associated with low HDL-C include, decreasing age 14 , female sex 9 , male sex 14 , higher education 14 , hypertension 7 , diabetes 7 , 9 , 14 , and obesity 7 , 9 , 14 cigarette smoking 14 , 16 . Factors associated with high TG include male sex 12 , 14 , higher education 14 , hypertension 7 , 12 , 14 , diabetes 7 , 9 , 12 , 14 , obesity 7 , 9 , 12 , physical inactivity 14 , and smoking or current tobacco use 7 , 12 , 14 .…”