NBS-LRR genes—Plant health sentinels: Structure, roles, evolution and biotechnological applications

Bezerra-Neto, João Pacífico; Araújo, Flávia Czekalski de; Ferreira‐Neto, José Ribamar Costa; Silva, Roberta L.O.; Borges, Artemisa N.C.; Matos, Mitalle K.S.; Silva, Jéssica B.; Silva, Manassés D.; Kido, Éderson Akio; Benko‐Iseppon, Ana Maria

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816030-5.00004-5

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 297 publications

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“…Resistance proteins are classified into five diverse groups based on protein structure and domains ( Bezerra-Neto et al, 2020 ). The largest group consists of proteins with Nucleotide binding and Leucine rich repeat domains (LLRs), referred to as Nucleotide binding-Leucine rich repeats (NLRs; McDowell and Woffenden, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa® Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeat Genes in Response to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

et al. 2022

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Avocado is an important agricultural food crop in many countries worldwide. Phytophthora cinnamomi, a hemibiotrophic oomycete, remains one of the most devastating pathogens within the avocado industry, as it is near impossible to eradicate from areas where the pathogen is present. A key aspect to Phytophthora root rot disease management is the use of avocado rootstocks partially resistant to P. cinnamomi, which demonstrates an increased immune response following infection. In plant species, Nucleotide binding-Leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins form an integral part of pathogen recognition and Effector triggered immune responses (ETI). To date, a comprehensive set of Persea americana NLR genes have yet to be identified, though their discovery is crucial to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying P. americana-P. cinnamomi interactions. In this study, a total of 161 PaNLR genes were identified in the P. americana West-Indian pure accession genome. These putative resistance genes were characterized using bioinformatic approaches and grouped into 13 distinct PaNLR gene clusters, with phylogenetic analysis revealing high sequence similarity within these clusters. Additionally, PaNLR expression levels were analyzed in both a partially resistant (Dusa®) and a susceptible (R0.12) avocado rootstock infected with P. cinnamomi using an RNA-sequencing approach. The results showed that the partially resistant rootstock has increased expression levels of 84 PaNLRs observed up to 24 h post-inoculation, while the susceptible rootstock only showed increased PaNLR expression during the first 6 h post-inoculation. Results of this study may indicate that the partially resistant avocado rootstock has a stronger, more prolonged ETI response which enables it to suppress P. cinnamomi growth and combat disease caused by this pathogen. Furthermore, the identification of PaNLRs may be used to develop resistant rootstock selection tools, which can be employed in the avocado industry to accelerate rootstock screening programs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa® Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeat Genes in Response to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

et al. 2022

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“…Thus, it is extremely likely that a similar complement of PGIPs exists in avocado. Furthermore, even though the importance of R genes for an effective defense response has been well established ( Yamaguchi et al, 2018 ; Bezerra-Neto et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ) and utilized to increase disease resistance in several crops ( Afroz et al, 2011 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2018 ; De la Concepcion et al, 2019 ; Bolus et al, 2020 ), no investigations have been conducted in avocado thus far. Likewise, we cannot currently explain why endochitinase was associated with increased resistance to P. cinnamomi ( Engelbrecht and Van den Berg, 2013 ), a surprising observation as oomycete cell walls, unlike fungal cell walls, do not consist primarily of chitin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Understanding Defense Mechanisms in Persea americana Against Phytophthora cinnamomi

et al. 2021

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Avocado (Persea americana) is an economically important fruit crop world-wide, the production of which is challenged by notable root pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi and Rosellinia necatrix. Arguably the most prevalent, P. cinnamomi, is a hemibiotrophic oomycete which causes Phytophthora root rot, leading to reduced yields and eventual tree death. Despite its’ importance, the development of molecular tools and resources have been historically limited, prohibiting significant progress toward understanding this important host-pathogen interaction. The development of a nested qPCR assay capable of quantifying P. cinnamomi during avocado infection has enabled us to distinguish avocado rootstocks as either resistant or tolerant - an important distinction when unraveling the defense response. This review will provide an overview of our current knowledge on the molecular defense pathways utilized in resistant avocado rootstock against P. cinnamomi. Notably, avocado demonstrates a biphasic phytohormone profile in response to P. cinnamomi infection which allows for the timely expression of pathogenesis-related genes via the NPR1 defense response pathway. Cell wall modification via callose deposition and lignification have also been implicated in the resistant response. Recent advances such as composite plant transformation, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses as well as genomics and transcriptomics will complement existing molecular, histological, and biochemical assay studies and further elucidate avocado defense mechanisms.

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“…Furthermore, significant differences in NLR expression were observed between a partially resistant and susceptible Persea americana rootstocks infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi , especially after 6 h post-inoculation ( Fick et al, 2022 ). The expression of NLR genes is regulated by three main mechanisms: (1) epigenetic mechanisms, (2) cis elements and TFs, and (3) post-transcriptional modifications ( Figure 2 ; Bezerra-Neto et al, 2020 ). Epigenetic mechanisms include histone modifications and DNA methylation, which influence chromatin density, and subsequently the ability of TFs and transcription machinery to bind to gene promoter sequences.…”

Section: More Is Better—sometimes: Nlr Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding how these plant defense responses are regulated and activated during pathogen attack will accelerate crop breeding programs and may contribute to the development of transgenic crop species with the desired resistance characteristics ( Wang et al, 2019 ). Research focused on unraveling plant immune responses has, unsurprisingly, been of particular interest for the past decade ( Bezerra-Neto et al, 2020 ). All research studies have contributed to reveal an increasingly more complex system, with thousands of signaling molecules, receptors, and hormones, each playing a role in plant immune responses ( Wan et al, 2012 ; Van den Berg et al, 2018 ; Adachi et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ups and Downs of Plant NLR Expression During Pathogen Infection

2022

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Plant Nucleotide binding-Leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins play a significant role in pathogen detection and the activation of effector-triggered immunity. NLR regulation has mainly been studied at a protein level, with large knowledge gaps remaining regarding the transcriptional control of NLR genes. The mis-regulation of NLR gene expression may lead to the inability of plants to recognize pathogen infection, lower levels of immune response activation, and ultimately plant susceptibility. This highlights the importance of understanding all aspects of NLR regulation. Three main mechanisms have been shown to control NLR expression: epigenetic modifications, cis elements which bind transcription factors, and post-transcriptional modifications. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of these mechanisms known to control NLR expression, and those which contribute toward successful immune responses. Furthermore, we discuss how pathogens can interfere with NLR expression to increase pathogen virulence. Understanding how these molecular mechanisms control NLR expression would contribute significantly toward building a complete picture of how plant immune responses are activated during pathogen infection—knowledge which can be applied during crop breeding programs aimed to increase resistance toward numerous plant pathogens.

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NBS-LRR genes—Plant health sentinels: Structure, roles, evolution and biotechnological applications

Cited by 13 publications

References 297 publications

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa® Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeat Genes in Response to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

Partially Resistant Avocado Rootstock Dusa® Shows Prolonged Upregulation of Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeat Genes in Response to Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection

Advances in Understanding Defense Mechanisms in Persea americana Against Phytophthora cinnamomi

The Ups and Downs of Plant NLR Expression During Pathogen Infection

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