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The paper explores the impact of trade policy (TRP) and monetary policy (MP) on CO2 emissions in the United States over the period February 1, 1988–December 12, 2022. The study employed wavelet quantile‐on‐quantile regression (WQQR) to explore the relationship across different quantiles and time‐scales. Furthermore, the present study introduced wavelet quantile‐on‐quantile Granger causality (WQQGC) to explore the predictive power of the independent variable over the dependent variable with a focus on different time‐scales and quantiles. The use of wavelet quantile‐based tools is supported by the nonlinear and non‐normal distribution of the variables. The results from WQQR show that in the short and medium term, an increase in renewable energy consumption (REC) in the United States is accompanied by an increase in CO2 emissions. However, in the long term, across all quantiles, REC effectively reduces CO2. In the short and medium term, the negative impact of TRP on CO2 emissions is apparent; however, we observed a supportive positive effect of TRP on reducing CO2 emissions in the long term. Across all periods, the influence of MP on CO2 emissions is generally weak yet positive; however, there are instances of negative associations. Across all quantiles in the short term, the impact of natural gas on CO2 emissions remains positive, although this positive effect diminishes in the long term. Finally, all the regressors can significantly predict CO2 emissions at dissimilar quantiles and time‐scales. The study formulates Sustainable Development Goals policies based on the above findings.
The paper explores the impact of trade policy (TRP) and monetary policy (MP) on CO2 emissions in the United States over the period February 1, 1988–December 12, 2022. The study employed wavelet quantile‐on‐quantile regression (WQQR) to explore the relationship across different quantiles and time‐scales. Furthermore, the present study introduced wavelet quantile‐on‐quantile Granger causality (WQQGC) to explore the predictive power of the independent variable over the dependent variable with a focus on different time‐scales and quantiles. The use of wavelet quantile‐based tools is supported by the nonlinear and non‐normal distribution of the variables. The results from WQQR show that in the short and medium term, an increase in renewable energy consumption (REC) in the United States is accompanied by an increase in CO2 emissions. However, in the long term, across all quantiles, REC effectively reduces CO2. In the short and medium term, the negative impact of TRP on CO2 emissions is apparent; however, we observed a supportive positive effect of TRP on reducing CO2 emissions in the long term. Across all periods, the influence of MP on CO2 emissions is generally weak yet positive; however, there are instances of negative associations. Across all quantiles in the short term, the impact of natural gas on CO2 emissions remains positive, although this positive effect diminishes in the long term. Finally, all the regressors can significantly predict CO2 emissions at dissimilar quantiles and time‐scales. The study formulates Sustainable Development Goals policies based on the above findings.
The efficient development and widespread utilization of clean energy hold global significance, particularly for developing countries like China, which has committed to carbon peak and neutrality targets. In this context, the financial sector plays a crucial role in supporting the renewable energy industry, ensuring a reliable energy supply for economic growth. To statistically assess the impact of financial characteristics—such as financial efficiency, financial size, and green finance—this paper employs a panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) model with province-level data from China spanning the period 1991 to 2018. The key findings demonstrate that (1) financial factors significantly contribute to the development of clean energy in China, and among these factors, financial scale has a greater impact than financial efficiency and green finance; (2) there are distinct regional variations in how financial development affects the clean energy sector, and the role of financial scale is particularly pronounced in the central and western regions of China while the impact of financial efficiency on the clean energy industry is not significant across all regions; and (3) other drivers—including industrial structure, financial expenditure, and technological advancements—also spur the growth of the clean energy industry. However, due to diminishing marginal effects, the forces driving its growth may gradually diminish. Therefore, the article proposes critical policy suggestions for promoting clean energy development in China. These policies should consider the regional context and address both financial and non-financial aspects. Understanding the interplay between finance, regional dynamics, and clean energy development is crucial for achieving sustainable and resilient energy systems in China.
Resource-based cities had an irreplaceable role in the process of the economic miracle in China. Advancing such cities’ carbon emissions reduction is a crucial aspect of the country’s steady realisation of the dual carbon peak and neutrality strategy. The reasonable implementation of environmental regulation and the efficiency of factor marketisation allocation are the key links for resource-based cities to improve carbon emissions performance, break the resource curse and reduce carbon emissions. Based on this, this study centres on the driving relationship between environmental regulation, the efficiency of factor marketisation allocation and carbon emissions performance as the core research problem. This study takes the panel data of 116 resource-based cities in China from 2006 to 2020 as the research sample; the non-radial meta-frontier total factor carbon emissions performance index is selected as the measurement index of carbon emission performance of resource-based cities based on the applicability analysis of the model. This study explores the characteristics of regional heterogeneity and type heterogeneity of carbon emissions performance driven by environmental regulation under the moderating effect of the efficiency of factor marketisation allocation and further explores the threshold effect, aiming to clarify the driving relationship between the three. The findings reveal that the driving effect of environmental regulation intensity on carbon emissions performance exhibits a fluctuating upward trend, the effect transformed by compliance cost and innovation compensation. The efficiency of factor marketisation allocation has a double threshold superposition effect on carbon emissions performance fluctuation that is driven by environmental regulation, indicating that market and government effectiveness can operate together to improve the carbon emissions performance. Based on these results, this study proposes countermeasures and suggestions for improving carbon emissions performance using environmental regulation and the efficiency of factor marketisation allocation.
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