Natures Carbohydrate Chemists The Enzymatic Glycosylation of Bioactive Bacterial Metabolites

Thorson, Jon S.; Hosted, Thomas J.; Jiang, Jiaoyang; Biggins, John B.; Ahlert, Joachim

doi:10.2174/1385272013375706

Cited by 169 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…For example, the saccharide-containing macromolecules that decorate cell surfaces are vital to a variety of cellular functions, including cell-cell recognition, apoptosis, differentiation, and tumor metastasis. In a similar fashion, glycosylated natural products contain sugar attachments essential for their activity and continue to serve as reliable platforms for the development of many of our existing front-line drugs (5,6). While the diverse chemical space accessible by carbohydrates contributes to a remarkably vast array of biological function (7), a precise understanding of the relationship between sugars and biological activity remains limited by the availability of convenient and effective glycosylation tools (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization

Langenhan¹,

Peters²,

Guzei³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

215

174

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Glycosylated natural products are reliable platforms for the development of many front-line drugs, yet our understanding of the relationship between attached sugars and biological activity is limited by the availability of convenient glycosylation methods. When a universal chemical glycosylation method that employs reducing sugars and requires no protection or activation is used, the glycorandomization of digitoxin leads to analogs that display significantly enhanced potency and tumor specificity and suggests a divergent mechanistic relationship between cardiac glycosideinduced cytotoxicity and Na ؉ ͞K ؉ -ATPase inhibition. This report highlights the remarkable advantages of glycorandomization as a powerful tool in glycobiology and drug discovery.carbohydrate ͉ natural product ͉ sugar

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confidence: 99%

Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization

Langenhan¹,

Peters²,

Guzei³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

215

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This paradigm is found throughout the anticancer and antiinfective arenas with representative clinical examples (Fig. 1a), including enediynes (calicheamicin, 1), polyketides (doxorubicin, 2; erythromycin, 3), indolocarbazoles (staurosporine, 4), nonribosomal peptides (vancomycin, 5), polyenes (nystatin, 6), coumarins (novobiocin, 7), and cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, 8) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Given the importance of the sugars attached to these and other biologically significant metabolites, extensive effort has been directed in recent years toward altering sugars as a means to enhance or alter natural product-based therapeutics by both in vivo and in vitro approaches (ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution

Hoffmeister

Yang²,

Liu³

et al. 2003

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Chemoenzymatic routes toward complex glycoconjugates often depend on the availability of sugar-1-phosphates. Yet the chemical synthesis of these vital components is often tedious, whereas natural enzymes capable of anomeric phosphorylation are known to be specific for one or only a few monosaccharides. Herein we describe the application of directed evolution and a high-throughput multisugar colorimetric screen to enhance the catalytic capabilities of the Escherichia coli galactokinase GalK. From this approach, one particular GalK mutant carrying a single amino acid exchange (Y371H) displayed a surprisingly substantial degree of kinase activity toward sugars as diverse as D-galacturonic acid, D-talose, L-altrose, and L-glucose, all of which failed as wild-type GalK substrates. Furthermore, this mutant provides enhanced turnover of the small pool of sugars converted by the wild-type enzyme. Comparison of this mutation to the recently solved structure of Lactococcus lactis GalK begins to provide a blueprint for further engineering of this vital class of enzyme. In addition, the rapid access to such promiscuous sugar C-1 kinases will significantly enhance accessibility to natural and unnatural sugar-1-phosphates and thereby impact both in vitro and in vivo glycosylation methodologies, such as natural product glycorandomization.galactokinase ͉ glycorandomization ͉ in vitro evolution ͉ enzyme M any clinically important medicines are derived from glycosylated natural products, the D-or L-sugar substituents of which often dictate their overall biological activity. This paradigm is found throughout the anticancer and antiinfective arenas with representative clinical examples (Fig. 1a), including enediynes (calicheamicin, 1), polyketides (doxorubicin, 2; erythromycin, 3), indolocarbazoles (staurosporine, 4), nonribosomal peptides (vancomycin, 5), polyenes (nystatin, 6), coumarins (novobiocin, 7), and cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, 8) (1-7). Given the importance of the sugars attached to these and other biologically significant metabolites, extensive effort has been directed in recent years toward altering sugars as a means to enhance or alter natural product-based therapeutics by both in vivo and in vitro approaches (ref. 8 and references therein). Among these, in vitro glycorandomization (IVG) makes use of the inherent or engineered substrate promiscuity of nucleotidylyltransferases and glycosyltransferases to activate and attach chemically synthesized sugar precursors to various natural product scaffolds (6,7,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), the advantage of which is the ability to efficiently incorporate highly functionalized ''unnatural'' sugar substitutions into the corresponding natural product scaffold (Fig. 1b). In a recent demonstration of IVG, Ͼ50 analogs of 5 were generated, some of which displayed enhanced and distinct antibacterial profiles from the parent natural product (13).As starting materials, sugar phosphates play a key role in the entire IVG process. Thus, the ability to rapidly construct sugar phosphate ...

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“…As substrates for Leloirdependent processes in primary metabolism, sugar nucleotides play an integral role in a variety of essential processes including glycogen biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, protein glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis [1][2][3][4][5]. Equally important in secondary metabolism, sugar nucleotides are essential for the biosynthesis of a vast array of therapeutically important glycosylated natural products [6][7][8][9]. In nature, sugar nucleotidyltransferases (E.C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of sugar indicators enables a universal high-throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay

Moretti

Thorson

2008

Analytical Biochemistry

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A systematic comparison of six sugar indicators for their sensitivity, specificity, cross reactivity and suitability in the context of crude lysates revealed para-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (pHBH) to be best suited for application in a plate-based phosphatase-assisted universal sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay. The addition of a general phosphatase to nucleotidyltransferase reaction aliquots enabled the conversion of remaining sugar-1-phosphate to free sugar, the concentration of which could be rapidly assessed via the pHBH assay. The assay was validated using the model glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase from Salmonella enterica (RmlA) and compared favorably to a previously reported HPLC assay. This coupled discontinuous assay is quantitative, high-throughput and robust; relies only on commercially available enzymes and reagents; does not require chromatography, specialized detectors (e.g. mass or evaporative light scattering detectors) or radioisotopes; and is capable of detecting less than 5 nmol of sugar-1-phosphate. It is anticipated this high throughput assay system will greatly facilitate nucleotidyltransferase mechanistic and directed evolution/engineering studies.

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Natures Carbohydrate Chemists The Enzymatic Glycosylation of Bioactive Bacterial Metabolites

Cited by 169 publications

References 0 publications

Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization

Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization

Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution

A comparison of sugar indicators enables a universal high-throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase assay

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