Nature Reserves: Do They Capture the Full Range of America's Biological Diversity?

Scott, James M.; Davis, Frank W.; McGhie, R. Gavin; Wright, Robert; Groves, Craig; Estes, J. E.

doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0999:nrdtct]2.0.co;2

Cited by 505 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (3) (p 130) reports that ''many protected areas were specifically chosen because they were not suitable for human use.'' Empirical studies from various countries support this assertion (e.g., 9,[15][16][17][18][19][20]. Thus protected and unprotected lands differ, on average, in characteristics that also affect deforestation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation

Andam

Ferraro²,

Pfaff³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

839

830

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Global efforts to reduce tropical deforestation rely heavily on the establishment of protected areas. Measuring the effectiveness of these areas is difficult because the amount of deforestation that would have occurred in the absence of legal protection cannot be directly observed. Conventional methods of evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas can be biased because protection is not randomly assigned and because protection can induce deforestation spillovers (displacement) to neighboring forests. We demonstrate that estimates of effectiveness can be substantially improved by controlling for biases along dimensions that are observable, measuring spatial spillovers, and testing the sensitivity of estimates to potential hidden biases. We apply matching methods to evaluate the impact on deforestation of Costa Rica's renowned protected-area system between 1960 and 1997. We find that protection reduced deforestation: approximately 10% of the protected forests would have been deforested had they not been protected. Conventional approaches to evaluating conservation impact, which fail to control for observable covariates correlated with both protection and deforestation, substantially overestimate avoided deforestation (by over 65%, based on our estimates). We also find that deforestation spillovers from protected to unprotected forests are negligible. Our conclusions are robust to potential hidden bias, as well as to changes in modeling assumptions. Our results show that, with appropriate empirical methods, conservation scientists and policy makers can better understand the relationships between human and natural systems and can use this to guide their attempts to protect critical ecosystem services.avoided deforestation ͉ conservation policy ͉ empirical evaluation ͉ spatial spillovers

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation

Andam

Ferraro²,

Pfaff³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

839

830

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“…Taken together, these results suggest a richer understanding of conservation effort stands to be gained by analyzing investment strategies along both dimensions (area and dollars invested). Past habitat conservation strategies have been suggested to be largely opportunistic (Ando et al 1998;Scott et al 2001). However, our analyses suggest a generally strategic signal in TNC's investment portfolio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Although public-protected areas (including national parks, designated wilderness areas, national wildlife refuges, Indian reservations, and county parks) cover 5% (over 400,000 km 2 ) of the coterminous United States (Scott et al 2001), these are often poorly sited for biodiversity (60% of them cover high elevations and/or poor quality soils), with most not originally being designated for their biological importance (Scott et al 2001;Hansen & Rotella 2002). Moreover, in the United States at least two-thirds of species listed under the U.S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐level variation in conservation investment by a major nongovernmental organization

Fishburn

Kareiva

Gaston

et al. 2009

Conservation Letters

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Few empirical studies examine how conservation organizations distribute the resources that they have available for habitat conservation, despite numerous theoretical studies that recommend how these resources should be directed. Here we examine the distribution of conservation investments made over 49 years by a major conservation nongovernmental organization (NGO), The Nature Conservancy (TNC). We measured the level of conservation effort across U.S. states by the area protected and the upfront cost of protection, accounting for easements and land acquisitions. While correlated, we show that two measures of conservation effort (area and amount invested) cannot be used as reliable proxies for one another. The distributions of both measures of conservation effort are explained by combinations of one biological (species richness) and three socioeconomic (land price, rate of development and action of other NGOs) factors, revealing a generally strategic pattern of investment by TNC. Finally, we identify examples of underinvestment in particular states by TNC.

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“…C'est ici que la solidarité écologique prend tout son sens. Or, la délimitation des aires protégées repose plus souvent sur des critères esthétiques et socioéconomiques que biologiques (Scott et al, 2001 ;Mathevet et Mauchamp, 2005).…”

Section: Aucun Parc N'est Une îLeunclassified

Dossier « Le réveil du dodo III » - La solidarité écologique : un nouveau concept pour une gestion intégrée des parcs nationaux et des territoires

et al. 2010

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Mots-clés :parc national ; solidarité écologique ; protection de la nature ; gestion intégrée ; réseau écologique Résumé -Cet article propose une première exploration du nouveau concept de solidarité écologique introduit dans le droit de l'environnement lors de la réforme de la loi sur les parcs nationaux français en 2006. Nous montrons que ce concept polysémique, tirant les enseignements de l'application de la loi de 1960, se fonde sur la prise de conscience des interdépendances du vivant et une nouvelle vision de la conservation de la nature. La solidarité écologique permet d'asseoir un compromis pragmatique entre écocentrisme et anthropocentrisme. Fondée sur les évolutions conceptuelles de l'écologie de la conservation, la solidarité écologique se décline selon une typologie qui intègre les enjeux de l'hétérogénéité spatiotemporelle de la biodiversité. Elle donne sens à l'élaboration des réseaux écologiques nationaux et internationaux et à la gestion intégrée des territoires de la biodiversité. La mise en débat public de ses spécificités locales et des valeurs qui lui sont attachées est nécessaire afin d'assurer sa considération et sa préservation. Keywords:national parks; ecological solidarity; nature conservation; integrated management; ecological networks Abstract -Ecological Solidarity: a new concept for integrated management of National Parks and territories. Our paper analyses the conceptual basis of the concept of ecological solidarity, a core feature of the 2006 law reforming National Park policy in France. Based on lessons learnt from the original 1960 policy, we show the multidimensional nature of ecological solidarity and how it is based on the recognition of the natural spatial interdependence among natural organisms and their physical environment. This sets the scene for a new vision of nature conservation. Ecological solidarity offers a pragmatic compromise between ecocentric and anthropocentric ethics. We designed a typology of ecological solidarities that integrates the diverse functional aspects of the organization and dynamics of biodiversity at different spatial and temporal scales. This typology departs from the previous model of central and buffer zones and sets protected areas within their wider social and ecological contexts. We outline how this gives sense to the elaboration of ecological networks and to the integrated management of cultural landscapes. Its efficient integration into land planning and conservation management strategies will require, however, the collective exploration by local communities and stakeholders of the diverse facets of ecological solidarity.Auteur correspondant : R. Mathevet, raphael.mathevet@cefe.cnrs.frCf. dans ce même numéro la présentation, par la Rédaction, de ce dossier et de son contenu.Article publié par EDP Sciences R.

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Nature Reserves: Do They Capture the Full Range of America's Biological Diversity?

Cited by 505 publications

References 18 publications

Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation

Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation

State‐level variation in conservation investment by a major nongovernmental organization

Dossier « Le réveil du dodo III » - La solidarité écologique : un nouveau concept pour une gestion intégrée des parcs nationaux et des territoires

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