Nature of Ice‐Sheet Injury to Alfalfa<sup>1</sup>

Freyman, S.; Brink, V. C.

doi:10.2134/agronj1967.00021962005900060021x

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Damage to iceencased plants could be attributable to exposure to a high CO 2 concentration or a combination of a high CO 2 concentration with ethanol and lactic acid (Andrews and Pomeroy 1989). Early work by Freyman and Brink (1967) indicated that the accumulation of CO 2 was more damaging to iceencased alfalfa than the reduction of O 2 .…”

Section: Soil Moisture and Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Bélanger¹,

Castonguay²,

Bertrand³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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R. 2006. Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 33-47. Harsh winter climate results in frequent losses of stands and yield reduction in many forage-growing areas of Canada and other parts of the world. Climatic conditions and crop management both affect the winter survival of perennial forage crops. In this review, we present the main causes of winter damage in eastern Canada and we discuss crop management practices that help mitigate the risks of losses. Predictive tools available to assess the risks of winter damage both spatially and temporally are also presented. Our understanding of the causes of winter damage and of the plant adaptation mechanisms to winter stresses, particularly the role of N and C organic reserves, has improved. Forage species commonly grown in eastern Canada differ in their tolerance to subfreezing temperatures and to anoxia caused by the presence of ice on fields. Some improvement in winter hardiness of forage legume species has been achieved through breeding in eastern Canada but new technologies based on laboratory freezing tests and the identification of molecular markers may facilitate the future development of winter-hardy cultivars. Crop management practices required for good winter survival are now better defined, particularly those involving cutting management and the interval between harvests. Simulation models and climatic indices derived from our current knowledge of the causes of winter damage provide general indications on the risk of winter damage but their degree of precision and accuracy is still not satisfactory. Further improvements in winter survival require a more thorough understanding of the different causes of winter damage and, primarily, of their complex interactions with genetic, climatic, and management factors.

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Section: Soil Moisture and Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Bélanger¹,

Castonguay²,

Bertrand³

et al. 2006

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…Plants encased in ice are subject to a decrease in 02 tension (6,17), and an increase in CO2 (6,17,21). Cold hardiness and survival decrease rapidly during ice encasement (2), and considerable accumulation of ethanol occurs in light-grown plants under ice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electron microscopy indicates that mitochondrial structure is not disrupted until 3 weeks of ice encasement. Ethanol accumulates in hardened and nonhardened plants in ice, but at levels which are not toxic to the plants.Plants encased in ice are subject to a decrease in 02 tension (6,17), and an increase in CO2 (6,17,21). Cold hardiness and survival decrease rapidly during ice encasement (2), and considerable accumulation of ethanol occurs in light-grown plants under ice.…”

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Mitochondrial Activity and Ethanol Accumulation in Ice-encased Winter Cereal Seedlings

Andrews¹,

Pomeroy²

1977

Plant Physiol.

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Cold-hardened dark-grown seedlings of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secak cereak L.) are killed during total encasement in ice at -1 C at a rate related to the initial cold hardiness of the cultivars. Few plants remain alive after 7 days of encasement. Nonhardened seedlings are rapidly killed in ice. The respiratory properties of mitochondria isolated from plants after increasing periods of ice encasement decline slowly, and activity is little impaired when intact plants are about 50% killed. Electron microscopy indicates that mitochondrial structure is not disrupted until 3 weeks of ice encasement. Ethanol accumulates in hardened and nonhardened plants in ice, but at levels which are not toxic to the plants.Plants encased in ice are subject to a decrease in 02 tension (6,17), and an increase in CO2 (6,17,21). Cold hardiness and survival decrease rapidly during ice encasement (2), and considerable accumulation of ethanol occurs in light-grown plants under ice. The concentrations of ethanol attained do not appear to be sufficiently high to be solely responsible for death of plants in ice (1). The accumulation of ethanol has been implicated previously in the damage to plants by flooding (5, 10), a stress with characteristics similar to ice encasement. Low concentrations of ethanol inhibit growth of bacteria (7) but a rapid adaptation restores growth to control levels.The functional properties of mitochondria in aerobically grown cold-hardened wheat seedlings are well documented (11,14,15 seeds were grown on moist filter paper for 24 hr at 20 C and then at 2 C for 4 weeks, or continuously at 20 C for 3 days, when seedling shoots were approximately 1 cm long. Seedlings were placed in plastic saucers, 150/treatment, immersed in icecold water, and frozen at -1 C. After various periods, ice blocks were thawed, seedling shoots harvested for mitochondrial preparations, and whole seedlings sampled for ethanol, survival, and cold hardiness determinations.Mitochondria were isolated from seedling shoots by grinding and differential centrifugation (14), and respiratory parameters determined by a conventional Clarke electrode using a-ketoglutarate as substrate. Aliquots of the mitochondrial preparations of Kharkov wheat were fixed for electron microscopy. Glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M K-phosphate buffer was added to mitochondrial suspensions to a final concentration of 4%. After 15 min at 4 C, mitochondria were pelleted at 12,000g for 10 min, and fixation of the pellets continued for 2 hr at 4 C. Pellets were post fixed for 2 hr in 2% osmic acid in 0.05 M K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The fixed material was washed, dehydrated in acetone, embedded in Epon (8), and sectioned. Sections were stained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.Ethanol was determined by the method of Lundquist (9) using alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1.) (Sigma Chemical Co.) and NAD (United States Biochemical Corp.). Fresh weighed samples of 10 plants were ground in a total of 6 ml 5...

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“…A number of studies (4,6,24) have attributed damage under the latter conditions to the formation of ice sheets over the plants as a result of winter thaws or rain. Other investigations (3,9,21) have established the deleterious physical effects of ice encasement on plants under laboratory conditions. However, the specific cellular alterations associated with injury under these conditions are not fully understood, although several studies (9,22) have demonstrated the accumulation of CO2 in plants during ice encasement.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Other investigations (3,9,21) have established the deleterious physical effects of ice encasement on plants under laboratory conditions. However, the specific cellular alterations associated with injury under these conditions are not fully understood, although several studies (9,22) have demonstrated the accumulation of CO2 in plants during ice encasement. Laboratory investigations have shown that ethanol accumulates in winter cereal seedlings during encasement in ice (2,5).…”

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Metabolic and Ultrastructural Changes in Winter Wheat during Ice Encasement Under Field Conditions

Pomeroy¹,

Andrews²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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The effect of ice encasement on the physiological, metabol, and ultrastnctural properties of winter wheat (Tritclm sestdvM L.) grown under fiel conditios was examned by a lly encasing winter wheat in ice during early winter. Cold hadiess and survival of ice-encased seedlngs declied less rapily In Kharkov, a cold-hardy cultivar than in Fredrick, a less hardy cultivar. Ethanol did not accumulate in non-iced seedlngs, but increased rapidly upon applcatio of an ice sheet. Lactic acid accumulated in both cultivars during late autumn, prior to ice encasement, and elevated levels of lactic acid were maintained throughout the winter In seedlngs from both iced and on-iced plots. Te rate of 0s consumption of shoot tissue of seedlngs from non-iced plots remained relatively constant throughout the winter, but declined rapidy in seedlings from ice encased plots. Major ultrastructural chages did not occur in shoot apex ceUs of non-iced winter wheat gs duri cold hardening under field conditions. However, the imposition of an ice cover In early January resulted in a proiferation of the e l reticulm membrane system of the cels, frequently resulting In the formation of concentric whoris of membranes, often enclosing cytoplasmic organeles. Electrondense areas within the cytoplasm which appeared to be associated with the expanded endoplasmic reticulum were also frequently observed.

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Nature of Ice‐Sheet Injury to Alfalfa¹

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Mitochondrial Activity and Ethanol Accumulation in Ice-encased Winter Cereal Seedlings

Metabolic and Ultrastructural Changes in Winter Wheat during Ice Encasement Under Field Conditions

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Nature of Ice‐Sheet Injury to Alfalfa1

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Winter damage to perennial forage crops in eastern Canada: Causes, mitigation, and prediction

Mitochondrial Activity and Ethanol Accumulation in Ice-encased Winter Cereal Seedlings

Metabolic and Ultrastructural Changes in Winter Wheat during Ice Encasement Under Field Conditions

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Nature of Ice‐Sheet Injury to Alfalfa¹