Naturally Occurring Plasmid Carrying Genes for Enterotoxin Production and Drug Resistance

Gyles, Carlton; Palchaudhuri, Sunil; Maas, Werner K.

doi:10.1126/science.333581

Cited by 120 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In 1973, Gyles (81) found that a single conjugative plasmid carried genes for both antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin production, the result of recombination of an R factor with an enterotoxin-carrying plasmid. A few years later, Echeverria (56) found that antibiotic resistance and the ability to produce enterotoxin were frequently transferred together and suggested that the widespread use of antibiotics could result in an increase of enterotoxigenic strains.…”

Section: Multidrug Resistance Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

et al. 2005

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ETEC is an underrecognized but extremely important cause of diarrhea in the developing world where there is inadequate clean water and poor sanitation. It is the most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea in children and adults living in these areas and also the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea. ETEC diarrhea is most frequently seen in children, suggesting that a protective immune response occurs with age. The pathogenesis of ETEC-induced diarrhea is similar to that of cholera and includes the production of enterotoxins and colonization factors. The clinical symptoms of ETEC infection can range from mild diarrhea to a severe cholera-like syndrome. The effective treatment of ETEC diarrhea by rehydration is similar to treatment for cholera, but antibiotics are not used routinely for treatment except in traveler's diarrhea. The frequency and characterization of ETEC on a worldwide scale are inadequate because of the difficulty in recognizing the organisms; no simple diagnostic tests are presently available. Protection strategies, as for other enteric infections, include improvements in hygiene and development of effective vaccines. Increases in antimicrobial resistance will dictate the drugs used for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. Efforts need to be made to improve our understanding of the worldwide importance of ETEC

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Section: Multidrug Resistance Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

et al. 2005

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“…The toxin genes in these bacteria are borne on plasmids that may also bear antimicrobial resistance genes and in some cases are selftransmissible [114][115][116][117].…”

Section: Enteropathogenic E Colimentioning

confidence: 99%

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Uncertainties and Necessities

Okeke

2009

J Infect Dev Ctries

118

103

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Diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and death, particularly in developing countries. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli, enterohemorrhaghic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) have been associated with diarrheal disease in different parts of Africa, particularly among young children, HIV-positive individuals, and visitors from abroad. Each of these E. coli pathotypes uses distinct mechanisms, which are only partially understood, to colonize infected hosts and produce diarrhea. All known diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes have been reported from diverse locations within Africa but the true burden from these pathogens is unknown because very few studies seeking these organisms with discriminatory methodology have been performed. Recent reports implicate ETEC and EAEC in a considerable proportion of childhood and travellers' diarrheas and suggest that some sub-types of these categories may have greater epidemiological significance than others. The significant contribution of EHEC to bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome is underappreciated because diagnostic capacity for this pathotype is generally inferior to that for confounders such as Shigella and Entamoeba. Recent studies in Africa have revealed the worrisome emergence of antimicrobial resistance and high asymptomatic carriage rates for diarrheagenic E. coli but bacterial and host factors that predispose to disease, as well as non-human reservoirs, are largely unknown. Future diarrheal disease research needs to focus on broadening the repertoire of pathogens sought in epidemiological surveys to include multiple categories of diarrheagenic E. coli while building capacity to detect these pathogens in local reference laboratories.

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“…The genes for LTp-A and LTp-B, originating from an enterotoxin plasmid (ENT plasmid), P307 (47), and an ENT-R plasmid, pCG86 (17) which codes for antibiotic resistance as well, were sequenced by the chemical method of Maxam and Gilbert (36) as previously described (60). In these experiments, recombinant plasmids EWD299 (carrying the * Corresponding author.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary origin of pathogenic determinants in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae O1

Yamamoto¹,

Gojobori²,

Yokota³

1987

J Bacteriol

106

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Three families of the evolutionarily related pathogenic determinants in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae 01, a family of cholera enterotoxin (CT) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) including CT, LTh, and LTp, a family of heat-stable enterotoxin I (STI) including STIa and STIb, and a family of K88 enteroadhesion fimbriae including K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad were analyzed for synonymous (silent) nucleotide substitutions by using the gene nucleotide sequences of earlier reports and the LTp gene nucleotide sequence presented in this paper. The data suggested that the divergences between LT and CT and between STIa and STIb occurred in the remote past, whereas those betwen LTh and LTp and between members of the K88 family occurred very recently. We concluded that the LT gene is a foreign gene that has been acquired by E. coli to form an enteropathogen. This provides evolutionary evidence of species-to-species transfer of pathogenic determinants in procaryotes.

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Naturally Occurring Plasmid Carrying Genes for Enterotoxin Production and Drug Resistance

Cited by 120 publications

References 13 publications

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Uncertainties and Necessities

Evolutionary origin of pathogenic determinants in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae O1

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