Naturally Acquired Human<i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i>Infection, Singapore

Ng, Oon Tek; Ooi, Eng Eong; Lee, Cheng Chuan; Lee, Piao Jarrod; Ng, Lee Ching; Pei, Sze Wong; Tu, Tian Ming; Loh, Jin Phang; Leo, Yee Sin

doi:10.3201/eid1405.070863

Cited by 187 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…16 Early taxonomy, based on microscopy, was often complicated by morphologic similarities among various species of Plasmodium and led to a degree of diagnostic confusion. 33,81,96,114,115 The ecologic and environmental requirements for the survival of any plasmodium depends on the parasite reaching a state of ''balanced pathogenicity'' with the host, whereby the majority of infections are nonfatal and allow a mosquito to acquire gametocytes through a blood meal and thereby propagate the life cycle. Experimentally, the NHP plasmodia of Southeast Asia can be transmitted by a wide range of mosquito species.…”

Section: Ecology Of Nhp Malariasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

et al. 2015

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Malaria remains one of the most significant public health concerns in the world today. Approximately half the human population is at risk for infection, with children and pregnant women being most vulnerable. More than 90% of the total human malaria burden, which numbers in excess of 200 million annually, is due to Plasmodium falciparum. Lack of an effective vaccine and a dwindling stockpile of antimalarial drugs due to increased plasmodial resistance underscore the critical need for valid animal models. Plasmodium coatneyi was described in Southeast Asia 50 years ago. This plasmodium of nonhuman primates has been used sporadically as a model for severe malaria, as it mimics many of the pathophysiologic features of human disease. This review covers the reported macroscopic, microscopic, ultrastructural, and molecular pathology of P. coatneyi infection in macaques, specifically focusing on the rhesus macaque, as well as describing the critical needs still outstanding in the validation of this crucial model of human disease.

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Section: Ecology Of Nhp Malariasmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

et al. 2015

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“…Following the report of Singh et al (2004), naturally acquired human P. knowlesi infections were reported from several South-east Asian countries namely, Thailand (Jongwutiwes et al 2004), Philippines (Luchavez et al 2008), Singapore (Ng et al 2008;Jeslyn et al 2011), Vietnam (Marchand et al 2011), and Cambodia (Khim et al 2011). Naturally acquired cases were also reported in travelers who visited endemic areas and went back to their native countries.…”

Section: Natural P Knowlesi Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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The identification of a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo and subsequent reports from several countries in South-east Asia has led its recognition as the fifth human malaria parasite. The natural preferred hosts of this species still continue to be macaque monkeys that live in broad-leaf rain forests. This review describes the distribution of macaque monkeys, the Anopheles species belonging to the Leucosphyrus Group that have been incriminated as vectors, morphological and clinical features of this parasite, and the transmission cycles that have been identified for this parasite. As the North-eastern states of India share their borders with P. knowlesi malaria endemic countries and because travelers from countries in South-east Asia visit India and vice versa, risks of this parasite entering India and its spread are also discussed.

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“…El primer caso reconocido de infección natural por P. knowlesi en humanos se reportó en 1965 (4) y luego se informó un presunto caso en 1971 (5), pero sólo desde el 2004 (2) se ha venido informando sistemáticamente la presencia de infecciones naturales en humanos en diferentes países del sureste de Asia, como en Tailandia (2004) (6), China (2006) (7), Singapur (2008) (8), Filipinas (2008) (9,10), Vietnam (2009) (11) y Malasia (12,13).…”

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Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

2012

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El primer caso informado de transmisión natural de Plasmodium knowlesi en humanos se publicó en 1965. En el sureste de Asia la presentación atípica de casos de malaria, tanto por cambios en la distribución de las especies diagnosticadas de Plasmodium, como por su morfología, motivó diversos estudios que han confirmado la infección en humanos por este plasmodio que infecta naturalmente distintas especies de simios, que son endémicos de las selvas de esta región. Los estudios recientes sugieren que la malaria por P. knowlesi no es una enfermedad emergente en humanos sino que no estaba siendo diagnosticada, debido a la similitud morfológica de este plasmodio con P. malariae y P. falciparum, lo cual dificulta su reconocimiento mediante examen microscópico. Actualmente, se puede confirmar el diagnóstico mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa que permite identificar cebadores específicos de P. knowlesi. La malaria por P. knowlesi ha ocasionado desenlaces fatales en humanos, lo que plantea diversos retos como la búsqueda de métodos operativos de diagnóstico para las zonas endémicas, el estudio de los vectores involucrados y la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos para su tratamiento. En las regiones selváticas de Suramérica se hace imperativa la vigilancia de parásitos y vectores de la malaria en simios, que potencialmente puedan ocasionar esta zoonosis. Palabras clave: malaria/epidemiología, Plasmodium knowlesi, infección, humanos Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humansThe first reported case of natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans was published in 1965. In Southeast Asia, the atypical presentation of malaria cases, the changes in the distribution of the Plasmodium species diagnosed and their atypical morphology prompted several studies that confirmed natural infections in humans by this protozoon which naturally infects different species of apes which are endemic in the forests of this region. Recent studies suggest that P. knowlesi malaria is not an emerging disease in humans but was rather being misdiagnosed due to its morphological similarity with P. malariae and P. falciparum, hampering its correct diagnosis by microscopic examination. Currently, the diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. knowlesi specific primers. Malaria by P. knowlesi has lead to fatal outcomes in humans and poses several challenges such as the development of useful diagnostic tools for endemic areas, the study of the vectors involved and the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs for its treatment. In the jungle regions of South America it is imperative to monitor the parasites of simian malaria and the vectors that have the potential to transmit this zoonosis.

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Naturally Acquired HumanPlasmodium knowlesiInfection, Singapore

Abstract: Naturally Acquired Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection, Singapore

Cited by 187 publications

References 9 publications

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

Centenary celebrations article

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

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